نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• عاطفه رحمانی ¹
• مهین حاجی زاده ²
• عبدالاحد غیبی ²

¹ دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیات عربی، دانشکده ادبیات وعلوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران.

² استاد گروه زبان و ادبیات عربی، دانشکده ادبیات وعلوم انسانی ، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران.

چکیده

نظریه نشانه‌شناسی منطقی گیرو بخشی از نظریه نشانه‌شناسی اوست که طی آن رمزگان‌ها را به سه دسته منطقی، زیبایی شناسانه و اجتماعی تقسیم کرده است. رمزگان‌های منطقی، مبتنی بر تجربه عقلی-عینی انسان‌ها هستند و با رابطه علی و معلولی پدیده­ها سر و کار دارند. از آن جایی که این نظریه را در تحلیل اشعار و متون ادبی نیز می‌توان استفاده کرد، پژوهش حاضر که با روش تحلیلی-توصیفی انجام شده، اشعار عزالدین میهوبی و احمد شاملو را بر مبنای نظریه نشانه‌شناسی منطقی گیرو و بر اساس مکتب آمریکایی ادبیات تطبیقی، تحلیل کرده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که رمزگان‌های منطقی در اشعار دو شاعر در رمزگان‌های عملی، معرفت‌شناختی و پیرازبانی تجلی یافته‌اند. استفاده از خون شهدا در قالب رمزگان عملی در شرایطی که کشور در خفقان و ظلمت به سر می‌برد به عنوان محرکی برای تنظیم حرکت جمعی مردم در برابر حاکمان ظالم است. به کارگیری کهن الگوی مسیح در قالب رمزگان معرفت­ شناختی که نویدبخش و تداعی کننده غم و اندوه است، وضعیت اندوهناک وطن دو شاعر را مجسم می‌کند. رمزگان­های پیرازبانی نیز به صورت رمزگان­های هم­وندی، فاصله­ ای و جایگزین ­های زبان به کار رفته­ اند؛ این موارد از وجوه تشابه در اشعار این دو شاعر است که در پرتو رمزگان‌های منطقی مورد واکاوی قرار گرفته است و به کمک هر یک از رمزگان­ها می ­توان به لایه ­های پنهانی معنا و مفاهیم شعری آنان دست یافت. نوع احساسات شعری (شخصی و اجتماعی) و تفاوت فرهنگی و مذهبی از وجوه اختلافی اشعار این دو شاعر است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• نشانه‌شناسی منطقی
• پی‌یر گیرو
• ادبیات تطبیقی
• عزالدین میهوبی
• احمد شاملو

موضوعات

• ادبیات تطبیقی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analyzing Logical Semiotics based on Pierre Giro's Theory in the Poems of Ezzeddin Mihoubi and Ahmad Shamloo

نویسندگان [English]

• Atefeh Rahmani ¹
• Mahin Hajizadeh ²
• Abdolahad Gheibi ²

¹ Ph.D student of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.

² Professor of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Giro's theory of logical semiotics is a component of his broader semiotics theory, in which he categorizes ciphers into three types: logical, aesthetic, and social. Logical codes are grounded in humans' rational and objective experience and address the cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena.  Since this theory can also be applied to the analysis of poems and literary texts, the current research, conducted using an analytical-descriptive method, examines the poems of Ezzeddin Mihoubi and Ahmed Shamlou through the lens of Giraud's theory of logical semiotics and the American school of comparative literature.  The research results indicate that logical ciphers in the poems of two poets manifest as practical, epistemological, and paralinguistic symbols. The use of the martyrs' blood as a practical symbol, especially in a context where the country is engulfed in darkness and suffocation, serves as a catalyst to mobilize the collective movement of the people against oppressive rulers.  The use of the Christ archetype as an epistemological symbol, which is both hopeful and sorrowful, embodies the melancholic state of the homeland shared by the two poets. Paralinguistic devices are also employed, including collocational ciphers, spaced ciphers, and language substitutes. These examples highlight some of the similarities between the poems of these two poets, which have been analyzed through logical ciphers. By applying each cipher, one can uncover the hidden layers of their poetic meanings and concepts. The differences between their poems lie in the types of poetic feelings expressed (personal and social) as well as in cultural and religious influences.
Introduction
Semiotics seeks to analyze texts and uncover hidden meanings. Two of the main founders of modern semiotics are Ferdinand de Saussure and Charles Sanders Peirce. In his semiotic theory, Pierre Giraud goes beyond a purely structuralist examination of the text and explores language in relation to its various dimensions. According to him, language has several functions that he outlined, along with its definition within the linguistic context of the subject discussed and examined in the field of semiotics. These functions, which carry real or implied meanings, are defined based on their applications and derive meaning from their specific linguistic situations. According to Giro's symbolic division, one type of cipher is the logical cipher, which includes symbolic ciphers and executive programs designed to organize actions in general. These are formed based on objective-subjective distinctions. On the other hand, aesthetic ciphers aim to engage the recipient's participation and are based on cognitive-emotional distinctions. This research examines the poetry, ideas, context, and era of two prominent poets from different cultures—Ezzeddin Mihoubi Al-Jazairi and Ahmad Shamlou—using the components of Giro's logical semiotics, grounded in the American school of thought. Therefore, the upcoming research focuses on re-reading and analyzing the poems of two poets to uncover the hidden and profound meanings within these works, examine the elements of logical semiotics, and open new horizons for future researchers.
Method
Analytical-descriptive research method has been carried out by comparing the poems of Ezzeddin Mehubi and Ahmed Shamlou, relying on the logical semiotics of Pierre Giro, and the poems of the two poets have been selected in the form of common social themes and themes.
Results
In this section, the definition of each of the logical ciphers is briefly discussed, along with the examples that fit the theory:
1.Practical codes: signs and programs
Signs and programs are practical codes. The function of these signs and programs is to coordinate actions through command, training, notification or warning. Also, signs provide the possibility of regulating the flow or collective movements. There are different types of symptoms and they appear in different forms.
2.Epistemological codes
One of the most used levels in Girou's theory is the study of ciphers that play an epistemic role in the text. As a language mechanism, these ciphers seek to create insight, attitude and knowledge in the eyes of the reader or recipient. Signs and symptoms in this type of codes are communication signs. The obvious function of these signs is to inform us of the identity of individuals or groups and to give us information to coordinate actions.
3.Paralinguistic codes
These ciphers are of three types, and it depends on whether we are dealing only with re-encoding (re-encoding), or with independent ciphers, or with parallel ciphers applied in parallel with the language. These codes include the following:
A). Language interpreters
The function of these ciphers is that whenever there are time and place restrictions and other restrictions for the use of the above language, they replace it. Cryptographic ciphers belong to this category of ciphers; These ciphers substitute numbers or other shapes to describe an event, or change their usual order based on certain rules.
b). Language alternatives
These are self-organized codes independent of the language: the street language (market street) and the code names of secret populations, which are specific to a particular region or country, are codes of this kind.
c). Language helper
Linguistic communication is based on the use of prominent signs; But speech is often accompanied by parallel signs: the tone of speech, facial expressions and gestures. These signs are natural and spontaneous profiles that have a purely expressive function; But some of them can be converted into conventional signs for communication purposes, and language aids are divided into three types of homophonic, spaced and modal codes.
Conclusion
In general, after examining the poems of these two poets, it was determined that they were not influenced by each other; however, many common themes appear in their work. In terms of practical examples, only one shared instance was found between Shamlou and Mihoubi. In the poems of Shamlou and Mihoubi, both poets use the image of martyrs' blood to urge people to awaken. Epistemological symbols also appear in their works, notably through the recurring theme of the character of Christ. These archetypes play a significant epistemological role in the poems of Shamlou and Mihoubi, often used to convey themes such as suffering and hardship. The word evokes the birth of pain and sorrow; therefore, the poets aim to remind readers of the tragic state of their land by invoking the sorrow of Christ. The cross-linguistic symbols in the works of these two poets can also be categorized into three groups.
First, they are the interpreters of the language. These ciphers are used in the form of using numbers in the poems of Mihoubi and Shamlou, whose purpose is to help the language of the poem to be clear and simple and to arouse the curiosity of the audience. The second group is language substitutes, which are manifested in the form of market street language and code names of populations, and only the meaning of such phrases and words can be understood by the people of a certain region or group, and the third group of paralinguistic codes are language assistants, which themselves are composed of three categories of homonymous, distance, and modal codes. In the section of Ramzegan Hamwandi, Shamlou and Mihoubi have discussed the duty of the poet towards the society. Using poetic images and rich language, Shamlou portrays the sadness and discomfort of the society and invites to reflect on time and history. By depicting past glories and describing present obstacles, Mehubi encourages efforts to preserve the past he likes. Two poets have expressed their attitude towards the poet's duty towards the society from different angles. Also, in the poem "Elegy", Shamlou depicts the sadness and discomfort of the society with poetic images and rich language, and by describing the current obstacles and destructions, he shows the feeling of backwardness. He invites the reader to reflect on time and history. On the other hand, Mihoubi highlights the contrast between the past and the present by depicting the glory of the past alongside the current obstacles and destruction. By pointing to hope for the future, he encourages the reader to preserve the cherished past. Additionally, distance and Atwari symbols are employed as common themes of parting, along with descriptions of facial expressions and gestures in the poetry.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Logical Semiotics
• Pierejiro
• comparative literature
• Ezzeddin Al -Miyubi
• Ahmad Shamloo

عنوان مقاله [العربیة]

تحلیل السیمیائیة المنطقیة فی ضوء نظریة بییر جیرو فی قصائد عز ّالدّین میهوبی وأحمد شاملو

چکیده [العربیة]

ُعدّ نظریة بییر غیرو فی السیمیائیة المنطقیة جزءًا من نظریته السیمیائیة حیث قسّم فیها الرموز إلى ثلاث فئات منطقیة وجمالیة واجتماعیة. وبدورها تعتمد الرموز المنطقیة على التجارب العقلیة- العملیة للبشر وتتعامل مع العلاقة بین السبب والنتیجة للظواهر. ولمّا کان بالإمکان استخدام هذه النظریة فی تحلیل القصائد والنصوص الأدبیة أیضاً، فإنّ هذا البحث القائم على استخدام المنهج الوصفی- التحلیلی، یحلّل قصائد عزّ الدین میهوبی وأحمد شاملو استناداً إلى نظریة السیمیائیة المنطقیة واعتماداً على تحلیل المدرسة الأمریکیة للأدب المقارن. وتظهر نتائج هذا البحث أنّ الرموز المنطقیة فی قصائد الشاعرین تتجلّى بشکل عام فی رموز عملیة ومعرفیة وشبه لغویة. إنّ استخدامَ دماءِ الشهداءِ کرمزٍ عملیٍّ فی ظلِّ حالةِ الاختناقِ والظلامِ التی تعمُّ البلادَ، یحفّزُ على تنظیمِ حرکةِ شعبیةٍ جماعیةٍ تنتفضُ فی وجهِ الحکّامِ الظالمینَ. أمّا استخدامُ نموذجِ السیّدِ المسیحِ کرمزٍ معرفی واعدٍ ویثیرُ الحزنَ والأسى، فیجسّدُ الحالةَ المُزریةَ التی یعیشها وطنُ الشاعرینِ. کما استُخدمت الرموز شبه اللّغویة على شکل رموز متجانسة، ورموز المسافة وبدائل اللّغة؛ وهذه الحالات هی بعض أوجه التشابه فی قصائد هذین الشاعرین، التی تناولنا بحثها فی ضوء الرموز المنطقیة. ومن خلال کلّ واحدة من هذه الرموز، یمکنک الوصول إلى طیّات خبایا معانیها ومفاهیمها الشعریة. وطبیعة المشاعر الشعریة (الشخصیة والاجتماعیة) والاختلافات الثقافیة والدینیة هی من أوجه الاختلاف بین قصائد هذین الشاعرین.

کلیدواژه‌ها [العربیة]

• السیمیائیة المنطقیة
• بییرجیرو
• الأدب المقارن
• عزالدین میهوبی
• أحمد شاملو