نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• حسین سلیمی ¹
• میثم خلیلی ²

¹ استادیار، گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه خلیج فارس. بوشهر. ایران.

² کارشناسی ارشد ادبیات پایداری، گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه خلیج فارس. بوشهر. ایران

چکیده

مقایسه‌ها و واکاوی آثار مشابه در دوران مختلف تاریخ همواره بهانه‌ خوبی برای پیدا کردن نکات پنهان و علت آن اختلافات بوده است. در این مثلث که زوایایش را یادگار زریران، شاهنامه (هزار بیت دقیقی مدخل در شاهنامه) و تاریخ ثعالبی معروف به غرر اخبار نام نهاده‌ایم، شباهت‌هایی طبق انتظار مشاهده می‌شود که بدیهتاً ناشی از ذکر یک رویداد خاص تاریخی است و درعین‌حال دارای تفاوت‌ها و یا حذفیاتی نسبت به هم دیگر هستند که نقطه افتراق و محل بحث را می‌گشاید. این مقاله که با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی و با رویکرد کتابخانه‌ای نوشته‌شده است، قصد دارد تا این تفاوت‌ها و شباهت‌ها را با بررسی و مقایسه این سه متن مورد واکاوی قرار دهد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که تفاوت‌هایی که در شاهنامه وجود دارد در مقایسه با دودیگر بزرگ‌تر و ملموس‌تر است و درعین‌حال در تاریخ ثعالبی ذکر رویدادها، شباهت‌های زیادی به یادگار زریران دارد. در اینجا یافتن تفاوت‌ها و جدول‌بندی آن این امکان را می‌دهد که مخاطب دید کلی و تحلیلی را برای مقایسه بیابد. در انتها با استعانت از نظریات گایگر-زبانشناس آلمانی- و احتمالات دیگر مستدل بر استقرا به چرا جویی این اختلافات پرداخته می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• یادگار زریران
• تاریخ ثعالبی
• شاهنامه
• گایگر

موضوعات

• ادبیات تطبیقی

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Comparative Analysis of Yadegar Zariran-nameh, A Similar Text in Gharr-e-Akhbar of Moluk-e-Fars and Sirham, and Shahnameh, Inspired by Wilhelm Geiger’s Theories

نویسندگان [English]

• Hossein Salimi ¹
• Meysam Ghalili ²

¹ Assistant Professor of Persian of Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr.Iran.

² Ph.D. Student in Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities Persian Gulf University, Bushehr.Iran.

چکیده [English]

Comparisons and analyses of similar works from different historical periods have always provided valuable opportunities to uncover hidden details and understand the causes of their differences. In this context, represented as a triangle with vertices named Yadegar Zariran, Shahnameh (specifically, a thousand precise verses from an entry in Shahnameh), and Tarikh-e-Sha’alibi, also known as Gharr-e-Akhbar, we observe expected similarities that clearly stem from their reference to a specific historical event. At the same time, these works exhibit differences and omissions relative to one another, which reveal points of divergence and invite further discussion. This article, employing a descriptive-analytical method and a library-based approach, aims to analyze the differences and similarities among these three texts through examination and comparison. The results indicate that the differences in the Shahnameh are more extensive and pronounced compared to the other two texts. At the same time, the account of events in Tha'alibi's History shares many similarities with Yadgar Zariran. By identifying and tabulating these differences, the audience can gain a comprehensive and analytical perspective for comparison. Finally, drawing on the theories of Geiger—a German linguist—and other inductive possibilities, the reasons for these differences are explored. 
Introduction:
Today, one method of resolving ambiguities left in historical records is to compare similar works and identify the reasons for their differences. Uncovering the causes of these variations has consistently opened new avenues of knowledge. For this reason, Khaleghi Motlaq, after spending more than thirty years comparing fifty-five different manuscript versions of the Shahnameh, affirms the superiority of ten of them over the rest (cf. Khaleghi Motlaq, Vol. 1, 2015: 92). Here, by examining the similarities, differences, and briefly exploring their causes with the help of Geiger's theories, we aim to categorize and organize these works so that readers can extract the essential points. Similarities arise from shared content, while differences stem from the author's unique style, the historical period in which they lived, and the various sources they used. Through these comparisons, we can highlight the power of precise writing and the inclusion of detail in seemingly brief passages; alternatively, we may gain insight into the existence of more extensive source materials. For example, Tha'alabi’s history, which closely resembles the Khodai-namehs, including the Shahnameh, begins with the creation narrative, describing Kiyomars and continuing through to the end of Yazdgerd III’s reign and the onset of the Arab invasion. This work, similar to the Shahnameh, is written in the prose style of Mursal and adopts a religious perspective. Each of these three works possesses unique qualities that can be critically examined individually or in pairs. Certainly, comparing all three together to form a comparative triangle will reveal valuable and insightful points; the greater the number of comparison branches, the more diverse and enriching the outcomes will be.
Method:
This essay is a documentary and theoretical research that tries to categorize the differences and similarities of the three works using a descriptive-analytical method and to recognize these differences with regard to Geiger's views in order to cover the ultimate goal of systematically categorizing and comparing the three works.
Results and Discussion:
The Yadgar Zariran is a pre-Islamic work and the oldest surviving epic recounting the war between two kings over the acceptance of a new religion versus adherence to the old covenant. When Gashtasb embraces Zoroastrianism, he faces the threat of war and the destruction of his kingdom and surrounding regions by Arjasb, the king of Khyunnan. Messengers are exchanged, and finally, with an invitation to war delivered through a letter from Zarir, the location of the battle is revealed. Gashtasb sets out for war with all his wealth and companions, accepting his fate as foretold by the prophet Jamasp. More than twenty-three members of his family are sacrificed, but ultimately, this leads to the victory of Zoroastrianism over Khyunnanism, which was a form of star worship (see: Tarikh Tha'alibi, 170). The Yadgar Zariran was first published in Persian and Pahlavi languages by Mohammad Taqi Bahar in 1314. The Gashtasb-e-Nameh, which contains the same narrative as Yadegar Zariran, was composed by Daqiqi Tusi before Ferdowsi. Ferdowsi incorporated those verses exactly into the Shahnameh to preserve them from destruction and to serve as the third element in the analogy presented in this article.
For convenience, we refer to the Shahnameh figuratively as the same thousand verses of Daqiqi and call Yadegar Zariran in imitation of the late great Iranian scholar Wilhelm Geiger (1856–1943 AD). The History of Tha’alabi is also the work of Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Isma’il Tha’alabi of Neyshabur in the fourth century AH. Even the exact name of this author has been a subject of scholarly debate among literary historians. Ignoring this minor issue and following the esteemed scholar Mujtaba Minou, we attribute the same name to him (Tha’alabi, 1368: 122). Regarding the significance of this work, it can be said that from the fourth to the sixth century, the only existing account of the Zariran Relic appears alongside the Shahnameh. After that period, only a limited number of works have addressed this event, and those only in a cursory and brief manner (Mahyar Navabi, 1374: 22). On pages 170 to 180, the History of Tha'alabi, corrected by the late Professor Minovi, describes the event of the war of Gashtasb and Arjasb, which contains generalities that are similar in terms of quantity and quality to the Zariran Relic, but also has some differences that will be examined.
Conclusion:
By comparing Yadegar Zariran with Thousand Accurate Verses and Thaalabi's narration, we observe general similarities that are expected, alongside differences that range from subtle to transformative. Zariran's novella shares many similarities with Thaalabi's "Gharr Akhbar al-Fars" in terms of overall length and content. Differences that detract from the subject are rare, occurring in only one notable instance. The most significant difference lies in Thaalabi's approach to the beginning of the work and his attitude toward Zoroastrianism, its prophet, and its first follower. This perspective, shaped over several centuries, reflects the influence of Islamic thought, which may explain these variations.
When comparing Zariran's novella with the Shahnameh, significant differences in the subject matter become apparent. In the former, Zariran is portrayed as the hero, whereas in the latter, the narrative culminates with the heroism of Esfandiar. Additionally, the recipient of Bidarfesh's life is Esfandiar in the Shahnameh, not Bastur as in the novella. Esfandiar's name is more prominently featured in the Shahnameh, reinforcing his role in the continuation of the epic. According to the German linguist Geiger, this marked difference stems from the existence of different sources in the Pahlavi language at the time Abu Mansur Abdol Razzaq Mu'ammari composed the Khodai-nameh. Another factor is the Shahnameh's historical approach, which includes detailed accounts and epic narratives, in contrast to the Zarirnameh, which is brief and written as a lamentation rather than with the intent to document history and preserve its elements.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Yadgar Zariran
• Tha'alibi History
• Shahnameh
• Geiger

عنوان مقاله [العربیة]

مقارنة بین نص یادکار زریران نامه، وهو نص مشابه فی غر أخبار ملوک الفارس، و سیرهام وشاهنامه المستوحاة من نظریات فیلهلم جیجر

چکیده [العربیة]

لطالما کانت مقارنات وتحلیل الأعمال المتشابهة فی فترات تاریخیة مختلفة ذریعةً جیدةً لاکتشاف نقاط الاختلاف وأسبابها. فی هذا المثلث، الذی أطلقنا على زوایاه اسم یادکار زریران، والشاهنامه (ألف آیة دقیقة من المدخل فی الشاهنامه)، وتاریخ الثعلبی، المعروف باسم غار أخبار، توجد أوجه تشابه متوقعة ترجع بوضوح إلى ذکر حدث تاریخی محدد، وفی الوقت نفسه، توجد اختلافات أو سهو عن بعضها البعض مما یفتح نقطة اختلاف ونقاش. تهدف هذه المقالة، المکتوبة بأسلوب وصفی تحلیلی ومنهج مکتبی، إلى تحلیل هذه الاختلافات والتشابهات من خلال فحص ومقارنة هذه النصوص الثلاثة. تُظهر النتائج أن الاختلافات فی الشاهنامه أکبر وأکثر واقعیة مقارنة بالنصین الآخرین، وفی الوقت نفسه، فإن ذکر الأحداث فی تاریخ الثعلبی یتشابه کثیرًا مع یادکار زریران. هنا، یتیح العثور على الاختلافات وتبویبها للجمهور إیجاد وجهة نظر عامة وتحلیلیة للمقارنة. وأخیرًا، وبمساعدة نظریات جایجر - اللغوی الألمانی - واحتمالات أخرى قائمة على الاستقراء، یُستکشف سبب هذه الاختلافات.

کلیدواژه‌ها [العربیة]

• یادکار زریران
• تاریخ ثعلبی
• شاهنامه
• جایجر