نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار، گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.
2 دانشیار، گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
3 کارشناس ارشد، گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
"Imageology", as an approach in literary and historical texts, and criticism, applies an interdisciplinary method to understand the culture, identity, and real image of a nation from the point of view of another. Al-Masalik Wa'l-Mamalik by Istakhri, a geographer and travelogue writer of the Persian region, is one of the important historical texts of the 3rd and 4th centuries AH. In his work, Istakhri introduces different regions and tribes of Iran and Islamic countries, one of which is Sistan and Sistanians. This research is an attempt to answer the following questions: what are the types of images of Sistan in Al-Masalik Wa'l-Mamalik, how did Istakhri judge and narrate these images, and what are the reasons for that? To that aim, all the images related to Sistan in Istakhri's book are extracted and classified into cultural, religious, political, historical, economic, architectural, and geographical indicators based on imagology. Also, Istakhrī's attitude in evaluation and to some extent his reasons for that were analyzed. The overall estimation of the images related to Sistan in Al-Masālik wa'l-Mamālik shows Istakhrī's positive view of this people and factors such as influence from previous books, ecology, national-religious tendencies and the structure of the society of his era was influential in presenting these images.
Introduction:
Istakhri, a prominent geographer and cartographer of the 3rd and 4th centuries AH, is widely recognized as the leading Arab geographer and the first person to write a book in Arabic on geography after the rise of Islam. Istakhri distinguishes his approach to writing from other geographers of his time who categorized the world into seven regions. Instead, he divides the Islamic world into twenty regions and provides detailed descriptions of their routes, geography, culture, religion, and other characteristics. Additionally, there exists an ancient Persian translation of Istakhri's book from the 6th and 7th centuries AH, which enriches the Persian literary prose texts.
In the field of literary and historical criticism of ancient texts, the approach "imageology" is applicable. This interdisciplinary method aims to understand the culture, identity, and image of a nation from various cultural, social, religious, and political viewpoints, from the perspective of "the other". This discipline reconstructs the intellectual and cultural context in which a text is produced by analyzing literary works and images.
Sistan is one of the main regions that Istakhri introduces and describes in his work. In this study, our objective is to analyze and categorize the image of Sistan and its inhabitants during Istakhri's time from seven different perspectives comprising cultural, religious, political, historical, economic, architectural, and geographical. We will examine the positive, negative, and neutral images presented in Istakhri's work through the use of tables and diagrams.
Method:
The research methodology employed in this study is as follows: First, a comprehensive collection of images related to Sistan from Istakhri's book is extracted and, then, categorized and classified due to its statements and topics. Followed by that, the linguistic context of each statement and identify Istakhri's qualitative and statistical assessments of positive, negative, and neutral attitudes based on adjectives, adverbs, and linguistic context. Furthermore, the researchers have examined the reasons behind Istakhri's evaluative attitude towards different images of Sistan by referring to intertextual and intratextual documents.
Results and Discussion:
Images of Sistan in Istakhri’s Masālik al-Mamālik [Book of Roads and Kingdoms]
1.1. Cultural Images:
Istakhri portrays 14 cultural images of the people of Sistan, among which 8 images are positive and 6 images are neutral. Interestingly, no negative images are presented, indicating Istakhri's positive perspective on the cultural characteristics of the people of Sistan.
1.2. Religious Images:
Istakhri includes 3 religious images of the people of Sistan, in which 2 images are positive and 1 image is neutral. The scarcity of diverse religious images in Masālik al-Mamālik suggests that religious images were not a primary focus for Istakhri.
1.3. Political Images:
There are five political images extracted from Istakhri's work, four of which are related to the Saffarid era. Although it is expected that Istakhri's book includes political images of Sistan, it appears that this aspect was not among his priorities.
1.4. Historical Images:
Istakhri provides 19 historical images, of which 8 are positive and 11 are neutral. Except for one case, all these images are associated with the Saffarid era. The relatively high number of historical images compared to other categories highlights the significance of Sistan in the 4th century, primarily due to the influence of the Saffarid dynasty. The eleven neutral images reflect Istakhri's descriptive approach, seeking to minimize evaluative views in describing historical events.
1.5. Economic Images:
All 26 economic images presented by Istakhri describes the economic situation in Sistan positively. The absence of negative or neutral images suggests the prosperous economic conditions of the region in the fourth century, likely attributed to the centralization of power in Sistan and the efficacy of the Saffarid dynasty in the area.
1.6. Architectural Images:
Istakhri describes 11 positive images of the architectural landscape in Sistan, reflecting his positive attitude towards the region's architectural features.
1.7. Geographical Images:
Istakhri provides 73 images within the geographic index, where 34 images are positive, 6 are negative, and 33 are neutral. Most of the images in the book pertaining to Sistan are geographical in nature, which is understandable given the book's subject matter.
Conclusion:
In total, Istakhri presents 159 images of Sistan, distributed among various categories. Geographical images represent 46% of the total, followed by historical (17%), economic (16%), cultural (9%), architectural (7%), political (3%), and religious (2%) images. The predominance of geographical images reflects the main purpose of Masalik Al-Mamalik to describe the geography of Istakhri's time. Conversely, the scarcity of political and religious images suggests that these aspects were not of utmost importance to Istakhri.
Regarding Istakhri's evaluative attitudes, it is noteworthy that out of the 159 images of Sistan, 96 (60%) are positive, 59 (37%) are neutral, and only 6 (3%) are negative. This indicates Istakhri's overwhelmingly positive attitude and description of the Sistan region. The six negative images are also related to geographic aspects and are a result of climatic and natural conditions, not human intervention. The reasons for this evaluative attitude can be found in Istakhri's historical sources, such as the works of Jayhani and Ibn Hawqal, which also present positive images of Sistan. Other factors, including the purpose of writing the book, ecology, national-religious tendencies, and the social structure of Istakhri's era, have influenced the presentation of these images.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
عنوان مقاله [العربیة]
دراسة و تحلیل صورة سیستان فی کتاب المسالک و الممالک للإصطخری
چکیده [العربیة]إن الصورولوجیة أو علم الصورة کمنهج من مناهج الأدب المقارن تسعی باستخدام أسالیب مختلف العلوم والتخصصات إلی معرفة الثقافة والهویة والصورة الحقیقیة لأمة ما من وجهة نظر الآخرین. ومن النصوص التاریخیة المهمة فی القرنین الثالث والرابع الهجریین هو کتاب المسالک والممالک للإصطخری، وهو جغرافی وکاتب رحلات فی ذلک العصر. وهو فی کتابه المذکور أعلاه قام بتصویر مختلف مناطق وقبائل إیران والدول الإسلامیة، بما فیه منطقة سیستان وأهالیها. تمت ترجمة هذا الکتاب إلى اللغة الفارسیة فی القرنین السادس والسابع، ویمکن اعتبار هذه الترجمة من النصوص النثریة الفارسیة القدیمة. فی هذا البحث، نسعی إلی الحصول علی أجوبة للأسئلة المطروحة: ما هی أنواع صور سیستان فی المسالک والممالک، وکیف قام الإصطخری بترسیم هذه الصور وتقییمها وما أسباب ترسیم هذه الصور؟ وبناءًا على هذا، تم استخراج جمیع أنواع الصور المتعلقة بسیستان من کتاب المسالک والممالک وتصنیفها وتحلیلها وفق منهج علم الصورة فی سبعة مؤشرات ثقافیة ودینیة وسیاسیة وتاریخیة واقتصادیة ومعماریة وجغرافیة. تشیر نتائج البحث إلى أنه تم إحصاء إجمالی 159 صورة ذات صلة بسیستان فی مؤلف الإصطخری، منها الصور الجغرافیة بنسبة 46% هی الأکثر والصور التاریخیة بنسبة 16% هی أقل أنواع الصور. کما تشیر غلبة الصور الإیجابیة بنسبة 60% إلى نظرة الإصطخری الإیجابیة لهذا الشعب، وکانت أسباب مثل: الغرض من تألیف هذا الکتاب، والتأثر من الکتب السابقة والبیئة والنزعات القومیة والدینیة وبنیة المجتمع فی عصره مؤثرة فی تقدیمه لهذه الصور.
کلیدواژه‌ها [العربیة]
)