بررسی تطبیقی نماد «شیر» در شعر نیمایوشیج و خلیل مطران

Introduction

Nima Yoshij and Khalil Matran are among the pioneers of new poetry in Persian and Arabic literature. The different spirit of the two has caused the natural phenomena to take on a special color in the poetry of each of these two. Each of them, in the world of poetic imagination, has created a symbol of "lion" according to their inner feelings, one is weak and crying, and the other is brave and roaring. The lion in Nima's ode is a symbol of imprisoned freedom seekers and has a very realistic color, but this powerful animal has turned into a very weak and crying creature in "Al-Asad al-Baki" by Matran. It has always been accompanied by romantic sadness. By using this symbol, Nima has created a narrative poem with an epic theme, but Matran has created lyrical odes with a completely emotional theme. This article, based on the framework of comparative literature, examines and criticizes the different views of two poets on this issue. Nima Yoshij and Khalil Matran have many common features in Persian and Arabic literature. The different spirit of these two has given a special color to their poetry. So that natural phenomena and their symbolic use have a unique effect on each of them. This article tries to answer the question that how the different spirit and outlook of two poets has shown itself in the existence of a natural phenomenon (lion)?

Materials and methods

The ode "Lion", which Nima wrote in 1301 and probably after the legend, is considered one of his oldest poems. This poem has twenty-nine similar stanzas, each stanza of four stanzas; That is, a stop is made in the first and second, and third and fourth stanzas and based on the weight of the Shahnameh (convergent) that closes each clause, a short sentence, with an equal weight to the last two pillars of the stanzas, i.e. "verbs". (Poornamdarian, 1381: 65). This Nima poem is one of his symbolic poems, and it belongs to the era when he distanced himself from the people and society due to the turbulent political and social situation and started using symbols. The lack of freedom of writing and thought necessitated taking refuge in symbolic language; Because the symbol was a refuge for the poet in the analysis and interpretation of his words. so that by this means he can tell his inner words (Shafi'i Kodkani, 1376: 5). Bishop is a deeply romantic poet with a spirit of avoiding people. In his poetry, including in the ode "Al-Asad al-Baki" (Crying Lion), which has 31 lines and is written on the prosaic weight of "Bahr Tawal", this feeling of pain, sadness and escape from people is clearly visible. In 1912, he went bankrupt in an economic business and lost all his property, this incident caused a great mental damage to him, and deepened his romantic sadness, which had its effect in two odes. Masa" (evening) and "Al-Asad al-Baki" are clearly visible (Jaha, 1949: 74). In the eyes of the poet, the lion has taken on the color of his suffering spirit.
Although "Lion" has a symbolic function in both poets, but it has a very different theme, expression, atmosphere and images. Nima's ode begins with the word "night", which refers to the darkness of the society and the suffocation that prevails in the country. has covered The poem begins with the lion talking to himself like this But in Matran's ode, unlike Nima, there is no mention of the lion and his protesting roar. A completely romantic atmosphere and full of pain and sadness dominates the poem. He started his poem with verses in which he compared himself to a "lion" and that lion is also crying, contrary to the reputation of courage in lions.

Results and Discussion

In both odes, "Lion" is a symbol to express the poet's own mental and social state. In the form of eloquent simile "Ana al-Assad al-Baki", the bishop compares himself to a crying lioness, then he describes his sad mood with the influence of the Romanic school, and in the form of a lyrical poem mixed with sadness. But Nima has not likened herself to a lion, but in a metaphorical statement influenced by the school of realism, she has described the longings of a hungry lion in a dark forest. In these two odes, the lion runs away from people and society and takes refuge in isolation and loneliness. But in one, he is a manifestation of strength and courage, his distance from people is due to his pride that he does not consider others worthy and equal to him, but in the other, the atmosphere is very different. MilkyGriyan, who is overcome by weakness and helplessness, has taken refuge in the corner of isolation. Bishop's despair, unlike Nima's, has more of a personal and internal aspect. Both poets and Nima have used "Lion" in a symbolic sense, but one has created a narrative, epic poem out of it, and the other has created a lyrical, emotional poem out of it. Poetic imagination has caused each of these two to dress the mute lion in clothes that match their inner states, depending on their mental state, social conditions and school orientation. And poetic art means; The same imaginations and visualizations.
4 - Conclusion
The lion in Nima's ode, unlike the bishop, has a completely aggressive mood, he has come out of the forest in the middle of a dark night and is looking for prey. Behind a wall, he sees animals such as donkeys and dogs that are fed and grazing and are in bliss, while a lion like him is hungry. It is as if he sees his hunger and lack of sustenance as a result of his hard work, which is his destiny
But in the meantime, Nima's symbolic use of the lion to express his epic thoughts is close to the reality of the lion and completely artistic and more appropriate; Because what is written in the ode of "Al-Assad al-Baki" is not the expression of the characteristics of a lion, but the description of a crying and helpless lamb.