Research in Comparative Literature

Research Paper الادب المقارن

The Asymmetry of Masculine and Feminine Similes in Contemporary Persian and Arabic Stories (With Emphasis on the Books of Mastoor, Pirzad, Al-Raheb, and Beytar)

wiam Alali; Maryam Jalali; Ghodrat -Allah Taheri

Volume 15, Issue 2 , July 2025, Pages 1-23

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.10495.2605

Abstract

Since the inception of feminism, particularly within its linguistic branch, the intrinsic nature of language and its relationship with the world, as well as the discourse surrounding patriarchy, have been emphasized. One proposed solution to the marginalization of women is to move away from masculine ... Read More Since the inception of feminism, particularly within its linguistic branch, the intrinsic nature of language and its relationship with the world, as well as the discourse surrounding patriarchy, have been emphasized. One proposed solution to the marginalization of women is to move away from masculine language and to establish a feminine style and linguistic framework. Feminist critics have introduced the concept of a "feminine language distinct from "masculine language," aiming to explore and illustrate these differences. This study aims to evaluate the validity of this claim by examining the similes constructed by male and female writers in Persian and Arabic narratives, with particular attention to the influence of gender. To achieve this, one prominent Iranian male writer, one Iranian female writer, one Syrian male writer, and one Syrian female writer were selected, each contributing a literary work. This study aims to evaluate the validity of the claim concerning the construction of similes by male and female authors in Persian and Arabic literature, with particular emphasis on the factor of "gender." The similes created in these works were analyzed using a descriptive-analytical approach, concentrating on gendered language, as well as the convergence and divergence related to the author's gender. The findings indicate that gender-specific similes are particularly prevalent in the works of three authors: Mostoor, Pirzad, and Baytar. Convergent similes—those that align with the author's gender—are found in the writings of Mostoor and Pirzad. Conversely, Al-Raheb (to some extent) and Baytar demonstrate differing uses of similes employed by male characters, suggesting a departure from their own gendered linguistic patterns. The study reveals significant gender-based differences in the use of similes among the three authors. Mastoor and Pirzad's similes reflect their gender identities, while Al-Raheb and Baytar often diverge from their own gender perspectives. Overall, Mastoor and Pirzad's works demonstrate a strong influence of the authors' genders, whereas Be ytar employs a more balanced and distinctive use of similes. Introduction:Since the inception of feminism, particularly within its linguistic branch, emphasis has been placed on the inherent nature of language and its relationship with patriarchal discourse. One proposed solution to the marginalization of women is to distance themselves from masculine language and establish a distinct female style and language. Feminist critics have proposed the concept of a distinct female language in contrast to male language, aiming to identify and illustrate these differences. Certain words and expressions within the specific literary contexts of femininity and masculinity carry connotations and characteristics that, when used among women or men, reinforce patterns and stereotypes. These can be understood as manifestations of gender bias. In fact, the writer's mindset is inherently predisposed to use such terms and phrases; this phenomenon resembles speech acts grounded in kindness, forgiveness, hope, vitality, spiritual sensitivity, and love found in feminine literature. Certain scholars, in their interpretations, equate "feminine" with natural women and "masculine" with natural men. In this context, gender bias is perceived as a natural and intrinsic outcome of language that is specific to women or men. These usages naturally emerge within texts, and it appears that male and female writers consciously select them; however, their application is inherent and essential to their identity. Therefore, such language can be classified as gender-biased. This research raises two important questions: First, how have the lived and cultural experiences of Arab and Persian-speaking women and men writers influenced the creation and use of similes in their narratives? The second question is: What are the similarities and differences between the female and male similes used by Arab and Persian-speaking writers in the selected books? The statistical population of this study consists of contemporary Persian and Syrian stories written by Zoya Pirzad and Mostafa Mastoor (Persian), as well as Hani Al-Raheb and Haifa Beytar (Syrian). In examining the linguistic disparities in the works of male and female writers, little attention has been paid to rhetorical devices. Specifically, no research has been conducted comparing Persian and Arabic stories regarding the methods, levels, and qualities of simile usage.Method:This study aims to assess the validity of the claim regarding the construction of similes by male and female authors in Persian and Arabic literature, with particular attention to the factor of "gender." The constructed similes in these authors' works were analyzed descriptively and analytically, focusing on gendered expressions, convergence, and divergence concerning the author's gender.So this scholarly work offers a profound examination of the Similes present in the literary works of both female and male writers. The central premise of this research is to assess the validity of the constructed Similes within stories, considering the gendered assumptions of their authors, and to do so in both Persian and Arabic. To achieve this objective, one representative work has been selected from each of four prominent authors—two Iranian male and female writers, and two Syrian male and female writers. In thismethod, the study endeavors to open a new window into contemporary literary discourse, offering a deeper understanding of how gender influences the structure and language of storytelling. Essentially, this research constitutes a comparative study investigating the impact of gender on the use of Similes in modern Persian and Arabic narratives.Results and Discussion:The findings indicate that gendered similes are prominently featured in the works of three authors: Mostafa Mastoor, Zoya Pirzad, and Haifa Baytar. Notably, regardless of the gender of the fictional characters, a convergence in similes corresponding to the authors' genders is evident in the works of Mastoor and Pirzad. Conversely, Al-Raheb and Beytar demonstrate a divergent approach in their use of similes expressed by male characters, distancing themselves from their own gender identities. The current research explores the significant differences in the construction and use of similes in the works of male and female authors. Mostafa Mastoor is particularly influenced by his gender in the creation and application of similes. Even when he crafts similes through the voices of female characters, he struggles to separate himself from his male identity. In contrast, Al-Raheb, an Arab author, effectively distances himself from his gender when creating similes through female voices, skillfully portraying them through appropriate characterization. Although Zoya Pirzad, as a female author, demonstrates some divergence in her use of similes compared to male characters, she cannot entirely distance herself from her gender's influence. All of her similes reflect a convergence with her identity, which leads to weaknesses in the portrayal of male characters. Conversely, Haifa Baytar seems to achieve a greater balance in her use of metaphors, as her expressions align effectively with the narratives of male characters while also embodying distinctive traits of female language when expressed by female characters. This study demonstrates that gender significantly influences the types and ways in which writers employ similes in their works, although some writers are more adept at balancing these influences.Conclusion:This study endeavors to examine the significant distinctions in the construction and application of similes within the works of two authors—one male and one female. Mustafa Mostoor is evidently influenced by his gender in the employment and shaping of similes; even when he crafts comparisons through the voices of female characters in his narratives, he remains unable to detach himself from his masculine perspective. Conversely, Al-Raheb, an Arab-speaking writer, distinctly distances himself from his gender when creating similes from female voices, effectively employing these comparisons to develop well-rounded female characters. However, when utilizing male voices for similes, he exhibits a certain divergence. Zoya Pirzad, as a female author, despite her efforts to transcend her gender, has not succeeded entirely in doing so. All her similes tend to converge with her identity as a woman, which results in a weakness in the masculine depth of her character portrayals. In contrast, Bitar appears to achieve a greater balance in the use of similes; her expressions from male characters harmonize well with their narrative roles, while when these comparisons originate from female voices, they embody distinctive feminine linguistic features.

Research Paper الادب المقارن

Psychoanalytic Character Analysis in the Translations of Guy de Maupassant's The Vagabond and Mikhail Naimy's The Dwarf: An Analysis based on Alfred Adler's Theory

Behzad Pourgharib; Mahboubeh Khalili; Sajad Arabi

Volume 15, Issue 2 , July 2025, Pages 25-50

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.11544.2669

Abstract

Among the various approaches in comparative literature, there is an understanding of literature in relation to other humanities. Literature is comprehended not only within its cultural context but also in the context of its connections with other sciences. One notable example of this interdisciplinary ... Read More Among the various approaches in comparative literature, there is an understanding of literature in relation to other humanities. Literature is comprehended not only within its cultural context but also in the context of its connections with other sciences. One notable example of this interdisciplinary approach is psychology, which later contributed to the emergence of psychoanalytic literary criticism. Both Albert de Maupassant and Mikhail Naimy lived during nearly the same period, and the key protagonists in their two stories of The Vagabond and The Dwarf correspondingly reflect similar conditions from a psychoanalytic perspective. These characters can be analyzed comparatively based on Alfred Adler's theory of personality. The five most relevant components of Adler's theory are feelings of inferiority, the inferiority complex, lifestyle, social interest, and life goals. A comparative analysis of the two main characters in these stories can provide deeper insights into the works, their characters, and the personalities of the authors themselves. This can be accomplished by conducting a content analysis within the framework of Adler's theory, following the principles of the American school. It is established that both characters evolved in the conflicting settings of the unstable societies created by their respective authors. The inferiority complex manifests in The Vagabond through both over-attachment and a lack of attachment, while it emerges in "The Dwarf" as a result of physical challenges and a detached social perspective. Introduction:Comparative literature does not merely compare national literatures; it integrates them with other disciplines within the humanities. One such discipline is psychology; this association has resulted in what is popularly known as "literary psychological critique" or "psychoanalytical critique". The most significant psychological theory relevant to this paper, however, will be Alfred Adler's personality theory, known as Adlerian individual psychology. The theory emphasizes the social dimension of human living. To this, Adler had his approach called "individual psychology"; he believed, as well, in an approach that claimed, every individual is a study of one. Individual character, for Adler, is therefore molded by the influence of one's peculiar social environment and individual experiences or interactions. The two main characters in The Vagabond, a short story by Guy de Maupassant, and The Dwarf, a short story by Mikhail Naimy, have almost common characteristics and can be evaluated and analyzed based on Adlerian concept of individual psychology. Most importantly, Guy de Maupassant and Mikhail Naimy lived during nearly the same period. This study, in a comparative context, asserts to add to the readers' understanding of the two writers' fictional works through comparative analysis of their stories within the framework of psychological critique. It would also serve as a bridge between the two countries through psycholinguistics and literature.A comparative psychological study of their principal characters in the light of psychological critique may bring forth the characters as espoused by both the writers and also, in some measure, discover the unknown facets of their personalities. The very significance and necessity of this would arise from the convergence of comparative literature with psychological analysis in their writing to feature their characters. Thus, this present study is necessarily a very relevant one in understanding national literature and further joining that convergence. Such issues have been very largely overlooked by the existing psychoanalytical critique of Adler's personality theory relating to The Vagabond and The Dwarf. Therefore, this research is poised towards answering the following questions:What points of similarity and difference exist between Maupassant's The Vagabond and Naimy's The Dwarf characters based on Adler's theory?What is the ultimate goal of Maupassant and Mikhail Naimy in writing The Vagabond and The Dwarf?What types of inferiority complexes possess the protagonists of The Vagabond and The Dwarf?Method:This study is descriptive-analytical research classified under comparative literature American school, which studies similarities and differences. First, the fundamental psychoanalytical concepts of Adler are expounded, and then two short stories, The Vagabond and The Dwarf, are summarized, listing their primary similarities and differences, and a few examples from the texts of both stories are provided for comparison and psychoanalytical reading based on the theory of Adler. The general theory or framework of Adler personalities examined here would thus very simply state that: Man is raised in and influenced by his social environment; he is born with feelings of inferiority which will govern his acts towards success or failure and frustration. For Adler, success means contributing to the welfare of society and success for all humanity, while failure and frustration are defined as private successes at the expense of others, as elaborated in Adler's theories of personality. The inferiority complex, as understood by Adler under a threefold essence, emanates from the physical inferiority or imperfection, too much attention given, and finally, from the absence of such attention. If you properly compensate for these defects, they become the basis for human achievement and elevation of humanity; otherwise, nothing is done to overcome these thus leading to an inferiority complex, experiences among neurotic individuals. Among them, neurosis, psychotic behaviors, and what Adler termed the protective tendencies are often the most destructive consequences of the inferiority complex. His view enumerated the major protective tendencies such as excuse-making, aggression, withdrawal.Results and Discussion:Results from this study indicate that the characters from the stories The Vagabond and The Dwarf are victims of inferiority, which is the most contributing factor resulting from behavior in society and mistakes committed. The Vagabond happens to be 'A Child from Family' that draws attention to an individual and leaves him out completely from society and results to imprison him nearly for twenty years. The Dwarf claims that such inferiority pretty much stems from physical defects and odd appearance, one of which, incidentally, died due to his long suffering inasmuch as he could not tolerate the loss of limb that mustard gas inflicted upon him. The hero committed suicide, which supports the theory of Adler that showed three amongst many other cause factors of inferiority complexes: neglect, too much attention and physical defect. By his own existence-in Randall's case by not just the absence of valid compensating mechanisms (fantasy) but, also neglect by society-actually reinforces the inferiority complex. Weightlessness into a no-return point into the depths seems to choosing penitentiary living over that of being among the other people as he appears to opt for. However, The Dwarf goes through stages of inferiority that sprout solely from being a dwarf, plus bad looks, but from another experience is aggravated when he acquires his mustard gas injuries in war.Conclusion:It involves a compensatory mechanism related to the development of an inferiority complex due to mustard gas poisoning. One of the compensatory mechanisms is the act of ignoring or being indifferent to one's defects. Consequently, he withdrew into suicidal actions, as the reality of death in his case left no possibility of recanting the horror that death can inspire in a person. The superiority complex is an Adlerian plot structure common to both stories. Adler believed that the social goal of those who are mentally unwell is rooted in a sense of personal superiority. However, for those who are mentally fit, the pursuit of personal interests must be sacrificed in favor of the higher ideals of humanity. Therefore, The Vagabond creates the condition that Randall aspires to human greatness; however, he ultimately remains a two-dimensional character focused solely on personal achievement. In contrast, success for humanity as a whole. Thus, this dwarf embodies a more universal and psychologically healthier character. It is possible to draw comparative conclusions about the personalities of the two major characters in The Vagabond and The Dwarf through the lens of Adler's theory. It is evident that Jacques Randall and the dwarf are both protagonists shaped by the societal environment in which they exist. Against the backdrop of the chaos inherent in their society, they learned to navigate instability, particularly in the case of Jacques Randall in The Vagabond. These characters symbolize the turmoil in their respective countries: France for Jacques Randall and Lebanon for the dwarf, during this period in history.

Research Paper الادب المقارن

The Critical unction of the Theme in Migration Novels Awlad al-Ghetto: Esmi Adam by Elias Khoury and Nocturnal Harmony from The Wood Orchestra by Reza Ghasemi

Zahra Haghayeghi; Bahar Seddighi; Ahmadreza Heidaryan Shahri

Volume 15, Issue 2 , July 2025, Pages 51-74

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.10365.2585

Abstract

The phenomenon of migration has been one of the most significant human experiences for centuries. However, contemporary attitudes toward migration have evolved, reflecting changes in the human condition. This evolution has introduced various dimensions of meaning, particularly in the realm of migration ... Read More The phenomenon of migration has been one of the most significant human experiences for centuries. However, contemporary attitudes toward migration have evolved, reflecting changes in the human condition. This evolution has introduced various dimensions of meaning, particularly in the realm of migration literature. Such literature often portrays the tension and challenges faced by characters navigating the traditions, norms, and governing policies of both their countries of origin and their host nations. Therefore, in the fictional works addressing immigration, a critical realist perspective reveals an objective and accurate portrayal of reality, highlighting human social issues and challenges in the contemporary era. This study emphasizes the need for comparative and homogeneous research in the field of migration literature to uncover its hidden layers. The research aims to investigate the critical functions of the themes present in two well-known novels from Arabic and Persian literature: "Awlad al-Ghetto: Esmi Adam" by Elias Khouri and Nocturnal Harmony from The Wood Orchestra by Reza Ghasemi, to explore the themes presented in these two novels, which have become a focal point for critical discourse examined through a lens of critical realism. This research has examined the critical role of themes using a descriptive and analytical approach grounded in the American comparative school. The findings of this study reveal that the critical themes shared between the two novels encompass political issues, colonial structures, and the role of intellectuals. In "Awlad al-Ghetto Esmi Adam," these themes are examined with a focus on historical contexts and the portrayal of social realities. In contrast, in Nocturnal Harmony, colonialism is explored in a symbolic and allegorical manner. Among the social themes presented in both books is the issue of alienation and marginalization of migrants. In Awlad al-Ghetto, the narrative transcends the theme of migrant alienation and delves into the plight of Palestinians who have been marginalized and overlooked in the annals of history. Regarding cultural issues, two distinct perspectives on the relationship between religious identity and broader cultural dynamics are evident in the two novels. Introduction:Fictional literature can be analyzed and critiqued from various perspectives, including through the lens of different literary schools. Among these, one of the most significant literary schools whose prominence has not diminished over time is Realism, as Realism possesses untamed meanings. Realist literature often serves as one of the most important sources of social critique.One type of literature that lends itself to social critique from a realist perspective is migration literature, also known by other names such as "literature of migrants," "exile literature," "diaspora literature," and "intercultural literature. Migration literature, particularly fictional narratives, has rapidly expanded as it delves into social challenges. The critical themes in migration novels address the social, political, and cultural challenges, contradictions, and issues that influence the lives of migrants. These novels often portray the bitter realities and contradictions of life in migration, striving to acquaint readers with the complex conditions and social inequalities migrants face both in their countries of origin and their host countries.Such works reflect not only the personal and psychological struggles of migrants but also challenge broader social and political issues. Despite variations in the nature and dimensions of migration across different countries, its social, historical, psychological, cultural, and linguistic consequences are largely similar, revealing a common pattern in these experiences. This universality, along with the contemporary prominence of comparative literature, provides an opportunity to explore the themes of migration literature across different regions through a comparative lens.This study examines two novels Awlad al-Ghetto: Esmi Adam by Elias Khoury and Nocturnal Harmony from The Wood Orchestra by Reza Ghasemi, authored by two renowned storytellers. In Awlad al-Ghetto, Khoury narrates themes of displacement, death, life, silence, exclusion, and the repetition of history. The novel tells the story of a migrant lost between his dual identities—Palestinian and Israeli-constructed—and reflects on displaced migrants who remain marginalized even in their homeland, occupied Palestine. Meanwhile, in Nocturnal Harmony, Ghasemi employs a nonlinear narrative style based on the stream of consciousness, blending the real and unreal. Despite this technique, the novel exhibits critical realist elements that highlight identity crises, cultural contradictions, homelessness, and the marginalization of migrants.Comparative literature has become one of the most important fields of interest globally. Among the various comparative schools, the American School has garnered significant attention due to its extensive scope of comparative studies. This study adopts the American comparative school, which is closely associated with René Wellek, as his theories have established a unique approach in comparative literature. The American school examines literature beyond national boundaries, emphasizing aesthetics and art as central themes.Method:Migration literature, as a significant branch of Realism, explores the experiences of migrants while reflecting the concerns of modern individuals, whether migrants or non-migrants. It sheds light on the dynamics and prevailing environments of both migrant-sending and migrant-receiving societies, emphasizing the need for extensive research in this field.This study, grounded in the principles of the American Comparative School and its emphasis on the authenticity of similarities, examines the intellectual and artistic frameworks of two novels: Awlad al-Ghetto: Esmi Adam by Elias Khoury and Nocturnal Harmony from The Wood Orchestra by Reza Ghasemi. These two works, both belonging to the domain of migration literature, appear to be entirely different in terms of form and content. Awlad al-Ghetto is a historical novel where the author uses the migration genre to address the issue of occupied Palestine. Conversely, Nocturnal Harmony employs a stream-of-consciousness narrative to highlight the contradictions migrants face, while also presenting a symbolic portrayal of events from a particular period in Iranian history.Despite these differences, a multilayered reading of the two novels reveals certain similarities. This research employs descriptive and analytical methods, drawing on critical realism, to examine these parallels and provide an in-depth exploration of the two novels.Results and Discussion:The critical analysis of the thematic functions in the novels Awlad al-Ghetto: Esmi Adam and Nocturnal Harmony from The Wood Orchestra reveals that both authors critically and realistically depict political, social, and cultural concerns through the lens of migration and its challenges. Despite differences in narrative style, the shared aspects identified in this research are as follows:Both novels use allegory to reflect colonial structures. In Awlad al-Ghetto: historical contexts are employed to highlight social realities, particularly emphasizing the role of intellectuals in raising awareness. This novel reflects direct colonial domination, portraying the plight of Palestine. In contrast, Nocturnal Harmony indirectly addresses post-colonialism and the loss of independence through symbolic representation.Both novels portray narrators as intellectuals—albeit non-professional and distant from formal politics—who aim to raise societal awareness about their nations and the world. In Nocturnal Harmony, the narrator achieves this through symbolic characterization, while in Awlad el-Ghetto, the narrator uses a critical discourse to recount historical events in Palestine, fulfilling their role as an intellectual to enlighten society about the Palestinian plight.Both novels explore the theme of dislocation, depicting the migrant's inability to align with the host society, leading to a sense of alienation. In Awlad al-Ghetto, this alienation extends beyond the migrant's experience in the host country, addressing the historical marginalization of Palestinians. Conversely, in Nocturnal Harmony, the narrator and characters face mental and psychological instability as a result of their detachment from the host society.The two novels offer distinct perspectives on religious identity and its associated challenges for migrants. In Awlad al-Ghetto, the narrator, struggling with dual Palestinian-Israeli identity, reflects on peaceful interfaith coexistence before and after the occupation of Palestine and condemns the attacks by Jewish settlers. In Nocturnal Harmony, the author adopts a satirical tone, critiquing fear-inducing religious teachings as the source of many of the narrator's fears.Both novels share a nuanced approach to nostalgia. Rather than expressing an emotional attachment to the past, the narrators exhibit a form of escapism. While the past is presented, it lacks emotional longing and appears as structured storytelling rather than sentimental reminiscing.This comparative exploration highlights critical and realist themes within the two novels, offering insights into the interconnected issues of migration, identity, and the human condition.

Research Paper ایران القدیم

Comparative Study of the Common Themes of Wisdom of Ancient Iranians and Islamic Sources

Narges Rashidi; Vahid Sabzianpoor; Jahanger Amiri; Ali Dodman Kushki

Volume 15, Issue 2 , July 2025, Pages 75-102

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2023.8139.2415

Abstract

One of the hallmarks of deep thinking and wisdom among ancient Iranians is their use of concise and meaningful expressions, along with valuable advice that reflects their rationalism, religious orientation, and commitment to moral principles. The Arabs' need for and fascination with Iranian culture and ... Read More One of the hallmarks of deep thinking and wisdom among ancient Iranians is their use of concise and meaningful expressions, along with valuable advice that reflects their rationalism, religious orientation, and commitment to moral principles. The Arabs' need for and fascination with Iranian culture and civilization, along with their eagerness to learn about the ancient Iranians, led to their familiarity with the wisdom and insights of this people. This was achieved through the translation of Pahlavi texts and cultural intermingling, resulting in the incorporation of these wise sayings into Arab culture. This research serves as a supplement to the book "Wisdom of Ancient Iranians in Arabic Sources, which presents over a thousand themes of Iranian wisdom found in Arabic literature. Since some sources were unavailable or omitted in the aforementioned research, he introduced approximately 250 new topics and aligned them with the teachings of Nahj al-Balagha, Gharral al-Hakm, and various prophetic hadiths. This alignment was made in terms of theological structure, and we have demonstrated a cohesive theme. In addition to presenting new Iranian insights, we have sought to explore various possibilities to justify and interpret these similarities using a causal-comparative method. The comparison results based on these possibilities reveal the intellectual and cultural affinity of ancient Iranians with various Islamic themes, influenced by experience, rationality, and religious teachings. However, the potential for forgery and false attribution, driven by religious and tribal prejudices, cannot be dismissed. Introduction:Arabic culture and literature have historically been influenced by Iranian culture and civilization in various ways. Before the advent of Islam, this influence permeated Arabic culture and literature due to several factors, including the connections between pre-Islamic poets and the Sassanid court, the political and military presence of Iranians in Yemen, the settlement of Iranian families and border guards in the Hira region, and trade relations, among others. After the advent of Islam, various factors significantly influenced Iranian contributions to Arabic culture and literature. These included the large number of Iranian captives and slave girls who later became the mothers of the Arab nation, the Arabic writings of Iranian thinkers such as Ibn-e Muqaffa, Ibn-e Qutaybah Dinwari, Abu Ali Sina, and Biruni, as well as the Arabic poetry of Iranian poets like Bashar, Abu Nuwas, and Abul-Fath Basti. Additionally, the translation of Pahlavi texts into Arabic, the establishment of the Abbasid state by Iranians, and their political and cultural influence in the courts of the Abbasid caliphs played crucial roles. The profound fascination and enthusiasm of Arabs for Iranian culture, along with the significant contributions of Iranian scholars in the development of literary and Islamic sciences—such as Sibuyeh, Zamakhshari, and Thalibi—further facilitated this cultural exchange.Factors such as racial mixing and immigration have also contributed to this dynamic interplay. Additionally, literary works and themes of wisdom from ancient Iranian culture, including the Shahnameh, Javdan Khard, Adab al-Saghir, Adab al-Kabir, Menui Khard, and Pahlavi texts, illustrate that rationalism, religious orientation, justice, and adherence to ethics are prominent characteristics of this people and their Islamic culture. This alignment and shared cultural elements led the Arab people to embrace Iranian culture, which was reflected in Arab literary works and ultimately influenced the interpretations of the Quran and Nahj al-Balagha.According to this research, the wisdom of ancient Iranians as recorded in Arabic sources is categorized into eight content areas: Political Affairs which include includes topics such as the responsibilities of the king, divine law, justice, the importance of seeking counsel, the concepts of pardon and forgiveness, and the necessity of overseeing the work of officials. Scientific Matters that are related to encompassing discussions on the significance of science and knowledge, the value of continuous learning, and the praise of reason and wisdom, etc. Moral considerations encompass avoiding undesirable traits such as selfishness, stinginess, self-righteousness, dishonesty, and gossip, while promoting virtues like truthfulness, patience, and contentment. Religious considerations address the significance of faith, the condemnation of irreligion, the importance of adhering to God's commandments, and the avoidance of sin. Additionally, they highlight the transient nature of this world in comparison to the eternal value of the Hereafter. Philosophical matters encompass topics such as the injustice and degradation present in the world, the coexistence of worldly blessings with suffering and hardship, the adversarial relationship between time and humanity, and the concepts of fate and destiny. Economic affairs include discussions on the value of property and wealth, the condemnation of hoarding, the significance of hard work and effort, the denunciation of unemployment and laziness, and the prohibition of trade for the king. Social affairs encompass topics such as the rituals of friendship, the significance of marriage and family formation, and the advantages of marrying relatives. They also involve managing family matters, among other related issues. Military affairs cover subjects such as military reforms, addressing the current state of the armed forces, focusing on military tactics, and ensuring security, among other concerns.One of the most valuable areas of research is to uncover the origins and sources of these wisdoms. Therefore, the book "Wisdoms of Ancient Iranians in Arabic Sources" (2015) presents Iranian wisdom as documented in Arabic literature.This book not only introduces previous research in the field of Iranology but also analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of these works. In a comprehensive introduction, it outlines the historical and political contexts that shaped the influence of ancient Iranian culture and civilization on pre-Islamic Arab literary culture. Furthermore, it explores how Iranian culture and civilization impacted the Islamic period and identifies the areas of alignment and commonality between Iranian and Islamic ideas. The text introduces Iranian wisdom as presented in Arabic sources, organized chronologically. The research highlights over 1,000 themes of Iranian wisdom found in 61 Arabic sources authored by 48 individuals. This book includes quotations from 41 notable Iranian figures, showcasing their insightful contributions. In addition to the 41 figures mentioned, 172 pieces of wisdom from Iranians (Persians) and 22 pieces from clerics have also been cited in Arabic sources. The total number of Iranian wisdoms referenced in the Arabic sources of this study is 1,400, of which 432 are repetitive.Method:In the present study, we employ the historical research method to gather Iranian wisdom from Arabic sources. Subsequently, we utilize the causal-comparative method to compare these findings with the prevailing themes in Islamic sources. Finally, we explore various possibilities regarding the causes of these similarities.Results and Discussion:Among the 249 Iranian proverbs examined in this study, 113 share a common theme with Islamic sources. Of these 113 proverbs, 96 were documented prior to Islamic authors, while 17 were recorded afterward in Arabic sources. The presence of this Iranian evidence, along with hadiths and narrations, indicates both the widespread influence of Iranian culture on Arabic literature and the intellectual affinity of ancient Iranians with pure Islamic ideas. This connection is exemplified in the refined teachings of Islam and the words of its esteemed scholars. Of course, choosing statements that align with Islamic culture while eliminating superstitions and perspectives that contradict Islamic principles is crucial for the emergence of these commonalities. Additionally, the significant influence of the prevailing religious and political atmosphere on the selection of themes that resonate with and support Islamic culture should not be overlooked.Conclusion:Most (85%) of the common wisdom was derived from Iranians prior to the influence of Islamic and Arabic sources. Due to religious fanaticism and the acceptance of religious leaders, these narratives took on the characteristics of narration and hadith, becoming integral to Islamic and Arabic culture. Some extremists within the Shi'a movement and Iranian Islamic historians have attributed 15% of Islamic and Arabic themes to Iranian sages. The similarity of some of these themes may stem from their connection to the origins of experience, rationality, and religious teachings. The dominant themes present in early Islamic sources possess greater authenticity due to their historical precedence. However, this authenticity lacks a solid foundation in the case of later sources.

Research Paper الادب المقارن

Comparison of Text Structure Components from the Point of View of Jurjani and Ancient Arab Linguists with the Opinions of Some Contemporary Western Linguists

Bahrali Rezaei

Volume 15, Issue 2 , July 2025, Pages 103-124

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2024.10452.2599

Abstract

Context is often regarded as the most reliable and essential interpretive tool for analyzing both religious and non-religious texts. The diverse historical perspectives of Jahiz and Ibn Jani are recognized as foundational to Jurjani's theories, while the concepts of Madoon Jurjani serve as a precursor ... Read More Context is often regarded as the most reliable and essential interpretive tool for analyzing both religious and non-religious texts. The diverse historical perspectives of Jahiz and Ibn Jani are recognized as foundational to Jurjani's theories, while the concepts of Madoon Jurjani serve as a precursor to the ideas of later Western scholars, such as "Ulman", "Jacobsen", "Firth" and "Chomsky". Jurjani perceives texture as a means of attaining meaning, and in this passage, his activities are presented in a coherent manner within the framework of modern applied semantics. This article aims to introduce and compare certain texture-forming components as understood by ancient Arab linguists and contemporary Western linguists, alongside the histological perspectives of Jurjani, an Iranian scholar. By examining these viewpoints, the article seeks to reflect the histological approaches of all three groups in relation to the text. The context of the situation, which Jurjani refers to as "the needs of the audience and the listener, of commonality among both Western and Muslim linguists. In the realm of intra-linguistic context, the discussion encompasses the relationships between words and their meanings, as well as the exploration of phonology in the theories of Ibn Jani, Al-Jahiz, and Farth. The communicative roles of words within the sentences of a text serve to strengthen its overall structure. According to Jacobsen and Jurjani, this is an instance where the commonality between the two can be identified in the analysis of the word's context. Of course, compositional rules should not be overlooked, as the context of speech is fundamentally shaped by the arrangement of words within that speech. According to Jurjani and Chomsky, syntactic combinations are referred to as textual components. The productive role of syntax, or generative grammar, has led to the creation and formation of textual structures in sentences and words, as understood by these two linguists. Introduction:In the verses, the characters involved in the process of the story sometimes suffer from erosion caused by psychological pressures, and these stressful events provide them with an opportunity to resort to individual and social solutions in order to reduce Stressful effects arise in yourself or other characters. This mechanism is formed to control perceptual heterogeneity in individual and social situations in order to build trust in oneself and others. The confrontation that the fictional characters when facing stressful contextual situations, depending on whether it is successful or not, is crystallized in the form of expressing emotional and logical emotions. If we want to give examples, we can mention the false cries of the brothers in the face of psychological pressure, the annihilation of Yusuf, Yusuf's appeal to his father during the dream, and the encounter of the cave-dwelling young men with the cruel ruler in the story. What is important in the mentioned cases is the confrontational style of the characters in the story when facing the stressful situation. Therefore, we witness extensive efforts in the cognitive and behavioral field of the characters in the story, which is aimed at reducing the destructive effects of psychological pressure. The problem-oriented encounter of the cavemen, which is drawn in the framework of responsibility and in the cognitive field, was formed despite the lack of social support from the people, and it is an example of social education to deal with mental and emotional pressures.However, the emotion-oriented confrontation that occurs in the behavioral realm encompasses both self-restraint—exemplified by the self-control of Prophet Jacob and Yusuf, or lack of self-restraint, as seen in Moses' involvement in the story of Abd Saleh's travels, the travels of the righteous servant, the self-reproach of the brothers, and their feigned sorrow before their father. It can be considered an example of confronting individual psychological pressure. The emphasis of Quranic education in addressing mental stress is evident in both individual and social support. In the story of Yusuf, Prophet Jacob plays a crucial role in this support, while in the narrative of Abd Saleh and Moses, Abd Saleh serves as Moses' teacher and guide. Additionally, the educational role in the story of the Companions of the Cave is fulfilled by young men who are regarded as religious reformers within the community. Consequently, it is essential to give special attention to the father, teacher, and reformers of society as they serve as educators for future generations.Method:The function of context is to convey meaning based on the existing relationships between the sender and the receiver. It is through this function of context that one can focus on the discovery of meaning, which serves as a prelude to understanding the various standards related to the fields of human education. These standards have been explored in texts on human development, such as the Qur'an. Among these educational areas are issues related to the human psyche, including the associated tensions and methods of mediation. These themes are reflected in the Quranic stories and the context of the verses. This essay employs a critical and analytical approach to explore the various types of psychological pressures depicted in the stories of the two surahs, Yusuf and Kahf. The aim is to demonstrate that addressing psychological pressures can be effectively achieved through thoughtful problem-solving and individual-social support. The amount of psychological pressure should be reduced. This important issue is addressed by fathers, teachers, and religious reformers in the verses discussed.The exploration of psychological emotions in the Surah of Yusuf primarily focuses on the individual dimension, whereas the management of mental and psychological challenges in the Surah of Kahf, particularly in the narrative of the young men, emphasizes the regulation of social emotions.Results and Discussion:The characters in the Surah of Kahf and Yusuf are subjected to various mental and emotional tensions. What is most significant is their ability to manage these psychological and emotional challenges, which contribute to human excellence both in individual lives and within society. Quranic stories, whether presented in a partial form (Surah of Kahf) or in a general form (Surah of Yusuf), offer valuable insights into moral and educational principles for humanity. By paying attention to these principles, individuals today can be guided toward a path of excellence in their religious and ethical lives. Therefore, we will address some of the mental and psychological challenges faced by the fictional characters in both surahs, and we will analyze and critique the confrontational management of individuals within the context of the challenge presented in the text.Conclusion:In the course of this research, which led to a theoretical presentation of histology regarding the discussion of educational principles in the context of mental and psychological pressures as presented in the Surah of Kahf and Yusuf, we found that individual and social support are essential for coping with emotional and psychological stress. By fostering this support, we can effectively reduce the impact of psychological pressure. We observed instances of this support in the two surahs discussed. The significance of the verses is sometimes represented by the father of the main character, Jacob, who is caught in mental and emotional turmoil. At other times, this support is embodied by a teacher, Abd Saleh, who also experiences mental and emotional tension. Additionally, this support can manifest as confrontation in various situations. A prevailing belief within society emerges, as illustrated in the story of the religious reformers—the companions of the cave—and their interactions with the tyrannical ruler and the unfaithful members of society. According to the analysis, the management of psychological emotions in Surah Yusuf primarily focuses on the individual dimension. In contrast, the control and management of mental-psychological tensions in Surah Kahf, particularly in the story of the young men, align more closely with the social aspects of emotional management.

Research Paper الترجمة

Evaluation of Manipulation in Translating the Book Zionism and Violence based on the Systematic Plan of Lambert and Gorp

Seyyed Mehdi Masboogh; Solmaz Ghafari

Volume 15, Issue 2 , July 2025, Pages 125-153

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2024.10456.2601

Abstract

Translation involves reorganizing a text, and through the application of the translator's unique methods and styles, one translation may be more acceptable than another. The close and unbreakable relationship between Arabic and Persian literature and culture has led to the emergence of numerous translated ... Read More Translation involves reorganizing a text, and through the application of the translator's unique methods and styles, one translation may be more acceptable than another. The close and unbreakable relationship between Arabic and Persian literature and culture has led to the emergence of numerous translated texts from Arabic to Persian and vice versa, creating a rich field for research. The book "Al-Zionism and Violence from the Settlement to the Al-Aqsa Intifada, written by Abdul Wahab Al-Masiri, is one of the most significant works of this prominent Egyptian thinker and Zionist scholar. Some chapters of this important work have been translated by Seyyed Adnan Fallahi. Today, with the expansion of translation studies, translation criticism seeks to evaluate translations in relation to the original text, assess their quality, and understand the translator's approach to the translation process. One of the prominent models of translation criticism is the framework developed by José Lambert and Hendrik van Gorp, known as the Manipulation School. This model, as one of the subsets of descriptive studies, aims to identify improved methods for describing translation and understanding normative behaviors in relation to culture and translation. This research seeks to evaluate and measure the translator's behavior and strategies using a descriptive analytical approach, while also identifying their interferences and explaining the process of information transfer. Given the volume of the book, the fourth and seventh chapters were selected for examination as the focus of the research. The results indicated that Falahi employed a destination-oriented translation approach based on the aforementioned model, with noticeable slips evident in his translation process. Considering the presentation of a comprehensive analysis and description within the systematic context of the current model, which is the final level under investigation, the initial and operational norms are integral to the target text. This framework elucidates the translator's behavior and strategy. Introduction: Considering translated literature within the hierarchical framework of strong and weak literature, and integrating it with the original text in the network of semiotic systems, highlights the relationship between descriptive studies of translation and the theory of multiple systems. This connection has given rise to the school known as the School of Manipulation. The School of Manipulation emphasizes the reciprocal and ongoing influence between theoretical models and practical case studies. Among the comprehensive methodological plans in the field of intrusion and possession for a case study is the framework developed by Jose Lambert and Van Gorp. This study employs the theories of Lambert and Gorp to analyze Seyyed Adnan Falahi's translation of the fourth and seventh chapters of Abdul Wahab Al-Masiri's book, "Zionism and Violence: From Settlement to Al-Aqsa Intifada is innovative both in its theoretical approach and in its scope of investigation.Therefore, this study aims to address the following questions by comparing the Persian translation of this book and drawing on Lambert and Gorb's theory as well as the manipulation school of thought. The data presented at the primary and macro levels as translation assumptions—how well do they align with the hierarchical structure at the micro level? To what extent do translation strategies depend on the translator, publisher, and source language? Method: According to the nature of the research, this study adopts a descriptive and analytical approach, aiming to measure and evaluate the manipulation present in the translation of the book Ideology of Zionism and Violence, based on the systematic framework established by Lambert and Gorp. Results and Discussion: The book Zionism and Violence: From the Beginning of Settlement to the Al-Aqsa Intifada," authored by the eminent esteemed intellectual Abdulwahab Elmessiri, stands is considered of his most significant works. Chapters Four through Seven of this work text translated into Persian by Seyed Adnan Fallahi under the title of of Zionism and Violence. Among the primary objectives of translating this book into Persian are: to familiarize readers with the hidden aspects of the occupationist nature of Zionism; to clarify the violence embedded in its ideology; and to shed light on a crucial historical reality. This reality involves dispelling the illusion that Zionist leaders actively seek to promote, which suggests an intrinsic connection between Zionism and the Jewish religion. The effort to delineate the distinction between Zionism and Judaism is significant not only from sociological and historical perspectives but also from a religious standpoint. This is because the Benevolent God has never favored one human being over another based on appearance, nationality, lineage, or similar attributes. Instead, He emphasizes fundamental principles that govern interactions with others: namely, piety), Qisṭ (equity, fair dealing), and ‘Adl (justice). Accordingly, in this valuable work, Elmessiri aims to provide a historical analysis of the victims of Zionism's hegemonic ambitions. Foremost among these victims are non-Zionist Jews, who have suffered under this ostensibly religious ideology. Conclusion: From the findings of this research, the following results were obtained: 1- According to the data presented at the preliminary and macro levels, hypotheses were proposed regarding the micro level that were not suitable for the hierarchical structure. The hypotheses raised in the previous two levels indicated the translator's relative success in translation. Examining the translator's behavior in relation to the initial and operational norms at this level, it is evident that Falahi's manipulation throughout this process has often led him astray. Removing a significant portion of the text has compromised the author's original ideology, and unnecessary borrowings from unfamiliar Arabic words have rendered the translation incomprehensible, awkward, and unnatural in many instances. Although he has made positive contributions in terms of adding translations, he has not been very successful in addressing the shortcomings of his translations. 2- In the book Zionism and Violence, the author attempts to distinguish Judaism from Zionism by examining their sociological and historical origins, as well as their religious aspects, highlighting a fundamental difference between the two. It has portrayed Zionism as despised, with Jews ensnared by its influence. The issue of the oppression of Palestine, the cruelty associated with Zionism, and the violence stemming from ideological beliefs has been a topic of discussion throughout the long history of the Middle East. The ideologies of the author, translator, and publisher are aligned in the target text.

Research Paper الادب المقارن

Analyzing the Meaning of Green Color in the Poetry of Amal Dunqul and Qaiser Aminpour based on Pier Girou's Aesthetic Codes

Aliakbar Noresideh; Ali Bagheri; Mohammad Fetemi

Volume 15, Issue 2 , July 2025, Pages 155-179

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.11865.2682

Abstract

Piergirou's semiotics, as a discourse-centered theory, analyzes linguistic signs within a text based on the codes to which they belong. The aesthetic codes in the Giro model are derived from inductive signs in poetry that engage with imagination and evoke emotions. Consequently, this framework provides ... Read More Piergirou's semiotics, as a discourse-centered theory, analyzes linguistic signs within a text based on the codes to which they belong. The aesthetic codes in the Giro model are derived from inductive signs in poetry that engage with imagination and evoke emotions. Consequently, this framework provides clarity to the ambiguous signs that the human mind and psyche encounter. In this context, the analyst confronts signs that have taken on a militaristic form. The color green serves as a poetic, inductive, and provocative symbol in the works of Qaysaraminpour and Amal Danqol, two renowned Arab-Persian poets. Through the creation of an imaginative space and the establishment of dual contrasts, it evokes beauty and conveys semantic richness, often yielding multiple interpretations. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the connotation of the color green in the poetry of Amal Danqol and Qaisar Aminpour, utilizing a descriptive-analytical method as a multi-layered linguistic sign within the framework of Pierre Giraud's aesthetic codes. The findings of the research indicate that the color green holds significant importance in the perspectives of both poets. In some instances, this color is regarded as a symbol of emotions and feelings of the heart, as well as a spiritual and sacred element. Given the original significance of the color green as a representation of nature, both poets, in their comparison of the village and the city—while favoring the village over the city—view peace and comfort as inherent qualities associated with the color green. In addition, the color green in the works studied symbolizes life, hope, fertility, freshness, and vitality. Each of these concepts is represented through the imagery of and birth, unique intentions and thoughts. Introduction: Color is a powerful element that has been extensively utilized in literature as a form of representation. It is regarded as one of the most effective natural influences. Colors significantly impact the development of individuals' personalities. Depending on a character's profession, disposition, and emotional state, their reactions will vary, which is evident in their actions, words, and behavior. Poets and writers have recognized this phenomenon and have employed color as a visual cue to craft imaginative imagery in their works. Among these, green is one of the colors that has garnered significant attention in contemporary literature, where it has been imbued with various meanings and concepts. It has become a rich and widely utilized element that adds depth and beauty to poetic works. This color is typically associated with themes such as nature, life, hope, freshness, and vitality. Amal Danqol and Qaisar Aminpour are two poets who have paid special attention to the implicit and symbolic meanings associated with the color green. Through their unique imagery, they have crafted both common and diverse interpretations. In general, poetry creates a discourse that consists of codes and signs, which function across various dimensions and depend on an understanding of the external context. On this basis, Pierreguirou's semiotics, which focuses on the study of codes, enables a profound understanding of linguistic signs. By utilizing linguistic and social cues, it possesses a strong capacity to analyze the implicit meanings associated with the color green. This approach examines the various semantic, cultural, linguistic, and social dimensions of each literary text, revealing its hidden layers. Method: Poets and writers have employed symbols, such as the color of words, to convey their intentions and thoughts. This topic has also garnered interest from researchers who study and analyze its implications. In this context, the significance of the present study lies in examining the frequency of the word in the poems of Amal Dunqul and Qeisar Aminpour. Interdisciplinary and comparative studies not only contribute to the enrichment of the corpus of language and literature but also facilitate a deeper interpretation and explanation of texts, revealing their implicit intentions and ideas. The present study employs a descriptive-analytical method and references library resources to critique and examine Amal Dunqul's poems in Maqtal al-Qamar and Sudden Mirrors by addressing the Words of Swallow and Flying Without Wings by Qeisar Aminpour from the perspective of Pierreguirou's semiotic theory. The evidence and documentation presented in Qeiser Aminpour's works, along with the analyses and studies conducted in this research, exhibit no thematic or conceptual similarities with previous research in this field. Consequently, the preceding essay, supported by citations from reliable sources, offers a new understanding and analysis of the poems of Qaiser and Danqol. Results and Discussion: The primary objective of Pierre Girou's semiotics is to understand and interpret social signs and behaviors, as well as to decipher the meaning of each within a coded system. The signs in the text convey implicit, hidden, and secondary meanings. This crucial concept illustrates that their accurate interpretation and understanding rely on the codes that generate them. The codes are categorized into three types: logical, aesthetic, and social codes. Aesthetic codes refer to experiences that are connected to feelings and emotions. These codes, represented by symbolic signs, illustrate the relationship between humans and nature. In the poem, al-Danqul creates a beautiful juxtaposition between the opposing words. In the case of Amal Dunqol, the recurring use of the color green may symbolize life, growth, nature, and hope. This color can represent freshness, a reconnection with nature, or even the aspiration for a brighter future. In this part of the poem, the phrase "green shade of summer" refers to an image of a lush and pleasant summer, reminiscent of the natural beauty of the environment in which it was created. Green shade of summer conveys a sense of freshness and vitality. Furthermore, it stands in contrast to urban and industrial life, which is often dry and soulless. This image of a lush summer symbolizes a joyful and tranquil period that the poet has experienced, far removed from the stresses of city living. Caesar also explores themes such as: who is greener than a thousand springs, and someone amazing. The color green is interpreted as a symbol of vitality, freshness, and fertility. Personality as being more vibrant than the ever-renewing spring. The stock and the combination further emphasize that the abundance of vitality, freshness, and fertility associated with the color green has no place in spring itself. Therefore, the poet views the existence of a person who brings joy and freshness as a source of wonder and admiration. Conclusion: Amal views the green dandelion as a symbol of life, freshness, hope, and vitality. It typically conveys these meanings in conjunction with two vital organs of the body—the heart and the eyes—presented together in a manner that emphasizes their semantic proximity. Aminpour, drawing on these meanings and concepts, has implicitly used the term "the color" several times. By presenting a figurative and circular image, he associates happiness, joy, and contentment with the color green. Also, by focusing on the tangible and social aspects of the "traffic light ," it has transformed into an abstract concept. She perceives standing and waiting at a traffic light as a state of anticipation, hope, growth, movement, and re-mobilization. Another manifestation of the color word "green" in Amal Dunqol's poem is expressed through the contrast between the village and the city. This contrast arises from the natural and authentic charm that, unlike modern environments, is found in the simplicity of rural life. This theme is illustrated in Amal Danqol's poem through the imagery of colored veins on the knee of an elderly, thin woman. Despite her frail appearance, she perceives life in the soulless, industrial atmosphere of the city as ugly and complicated. Aminpour also established a contrast. While listing the characteristics of both, she considers the village to be preferable to the city. it is believed that although life in the village is hard and burdensome, the clear and sunny sky, the vibrant green atmosphere, the clean air, the comfort, the peace, and the glimmer of hope can all be found in the village.

الادب المقارن

A comparative analysis of the novels Cinderellas of Muscat and Acrid Taste of Persimmon based on feminist elements

Samaneh Dehghani; Ali Bashiri

Volume 14, Issue 2 , July 2024, , Pages 97-122

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2023.9169.2503

Abstract

Feminist ideas first appeared in literary criticism in the late twentieth century. The primary objective of feministic schools is gender equality in society. Feminist criticism tries to draw the attention of its readers to gender inequalities in society, encourage a different interpretation, and motivate ... Read More Feminist ideas first appeared in literary criticism in the late twentieth century. The primary objective of feministic schools is gender equality in society. Feminist criticism tries to draw the attention of its readers to gender inequalities in society, encourage a different interpretation, and motivate them to take action in this regard. The novels Cinderella of Muscat (Arabic: Sindrella Al Muscat) by Huda Hamed and The Acrid Taste of Persimmon (Ta'am-e gas-e khormalu) by Zoya Pirzad focus on women and their issues. Given the deeply ingrained patriarchal beliefs and behaviors in Arab and Iranian societies, both authors have been influenced by violations of women's rights in their societies and have attempted to reflect these beliefs. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method and the American comparative literature school presumptions to analyze and examine the common feminist concepts in the aforementioned works. The concepts of patriarchy, emotional violence, women against women, and women’s effort to please men were found to be reflected in the works of both authors, and both of them, despite differences in nationality and language, were concerned about women and criticized patriarchal society. The findings indicate that the women in Pirzad's narrative are active and modify their living conditions, whereas the women in Hamed's narrative are passive, though aware of their condition. Introduction:Feminist criticism seeks to highlight the gender inequalities present in society and establish equal rights between men and women. Analyzing and examining novels that emphasize the gender-based dimensions of women and their mistreatment can be effective in eliminating discrimination against this gender.Simone de Beauvoir, one of the most significant theorists of feminist criticism, in her book "The Second Sex", believes that women are in a society run by men and that to free themselves from this male dominance, they must unite. She believes that it is the women themselves who have caused their own deprivation because they cannot use the masculine logic. Women should see themselves as responsible in society and be less dependent (cf. Beauvoir, 2000: 504-507).Feminist criticism emerged following the feminist movement and aims to uncover the oppressions, deprivations, and mistreatment against women. For the first time, Tillie Olsen published an article titled "Silences" in 1972, in which she spoke of the sensory experiences and perceptions of women that are not heard. In this article, she invited writers to write "what should be addressed in feminism" and wrote about women's freedom and gender equality. Virginia Wolf, one of the pioneers of feminist criticism, pointed out the problems created by publishers in dealing with female writers and women (cf. Eagleton, 2016: 12-13).Oppression and injustice against women exist both in text and in the reality of society. Since literature reflects these realities, this oppression and injustice are also reflected in literary genres such as poetry, novels, etc. This criticism, in fact, seeks to end this oppression and to express the various aspects of this gender-based humiliation in literature, indirectly. It can be declared that feminist criticism theorists believe in their theories that women are under the domination of men's thinking and must free themselves from these shackles.The two novels Cinderella of Muscat by Huda Hamed and The Bitter Taste of Persimmon by Zoya Pirzad contain a series of interconnected stories about women and their family lives. The main subjects of these two novels are women, their concerns, and how men deal with them. A comparative study of these two novels, considering the common feminist elements, can take a step toward combating misogynistic and patriarchal thoughts in society by raising awareness among the audience and thus holds significant importance. In light of the importance of the issue, this research aims to compare the feminist elements in these two novels and analyze and examine their various dimensions.Method:This research employs a descriptive-analytical method, relying on the American comparative school, to examine and analyze the common feminist concepts in the two novels Cinderella of Muscat by Huda Hamed and The Bitter Taste of Persimmon by Zoya Pirzad, which contain a series of interconnected stories about women and their family lives.Results and Discussion:The common feminist concepts in both novels manifest in the forms of patriarchy, emotional violence against women, women against women, and women's efforts to gain men's approval. Among these, the concept of patriarchy is more extensive than the others and has a high frequency in both novels. Patriarchy in these two novels is expressed in the components of decision-making for women and imposing opinions about women's appearances. In emotional violence, indifference, betrayal, and humiliation of women also emerge.The narratives of women in The Bitter Taste of Persimmon have a tangible and realistic aspect, however, in Hamed's work, there is no change in the living conditions of the women in the narrative, regardless of the critical aspect. This means that most of the women in Pirzad's narrative are active, whereas the women in Hamed's narrative are passive, but aware of their situation. Nonetheless, the concern of both female writers is shared, and both have criticized their patriarchal societies. Hamed and Pirzad, due to their gender and similarity with the female characters in their narratives, have better understood and reflected the concerns of women.The two novels Cinderella of Muscat by Huda Hamed and The Bitter Taste of Persimmon by Zoya Pirzad, an Iranian writer, examine and seek to expose the patriarchal ideology. Their fight against patriarchy in their works is not through direct methods or victimizing the female gender, but rather both writers, due to their similar gender experiences and understanding of the female gender, have aligned themselves with the feminine world and mentioned their concerns in the form of similar family and marital narratives. However, the female gender in Hamed's narrative and the fate of her female characters are portrayed more conservatively and statically. In contrast, the female characters in Pirzad's narrative are more dynamic and capable of changing their circumstances. Both writers have embedded shared women-centered concepts and a fight against patriarchal ideology in these two works.Conclusion:Overall, both writers have acted similarly in raising awareness to combat the notion of women as the "second sex", and both pursue the fight against the dominance of patriarchal thought. Hamed and Pirzad have both endeavored to provide a foundation of peace and psychological security for women in their families and societies through their narratives. The writers seek to show their audience that the proper way to treat women begins in the marital and family environment and can give them more confidence to play a useful role in society.

الادب المقارن

A Comparative Study of Gholam-Hossein Saedi's Beggar and Najib Mahfouz's Beggar, (Alshahath) according to Hegel's Dialectic

Kamal Rasoulian; Fatemeh Modarresi

Volume 15, Issue 1 , April 2025, , Pages 1-24

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2024.10304.2579

Abstract

Introduction:It is evident that Hegelian dialectics has is based basis principles of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. Hegel Has Explained has elaborated on these three principles in detail in his work. entity (thesis) has summarily an a corresponding and by the through of these both, a result ... Read More Introduction:It is evident that Hegelian dialectics has is based basis principles of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. Hegel Has Explained has elaborated on these three principles in detail in his work. entity (thesis) has summarily an a corresponding and by the through of these both, a result is created. produced.Two prominent fiction writers from Iran and Egypt, Hossein Saedi and Najib Mahfouz, address significant in the contact their respective works titled both conducts descriptive-analytical way based on investigation of both authors, utilizing its three axes. The beggar axes as a framework. Saedi's the narrated of view perspective woman who elderly the who, of her husband, none of her finds herself unwelcome in her children's homes turns is compelled to resort and acting.Al-Shahath is a significant narrative from the third decade of Najib Mahfouz's life, illustrating a portion of the life of the protagonist, Omar Hamzawi, who represents the intellectuals of Egyptian society. Respect for family and elders is a traditional value in Eastern cultures, where older individuals are afforded special honor and respect, and many issues are resolved through their guidance. By emphasizing this principle, Mahfouz delves into the underlying layers of his text to depict the disrespect and insults directed at an elderly mother by her children. This portrayal not only highlights the problem but also underscores the societal pain of his time, inviting reflection on the broader implications.The contrast between the bustling city and the tranquility of the village is one of the manifestations of modernity in Najib Mahfouz's The city continually seeks to attract immigrants to satisfy its insatiable economic demands through the influx of capital. Consequently, urban congestion becomes a defining characteristic of modern society, contributing to the exacerbation of materialism. Another prevalent theme in the two stories discussed is absurdity.Absurdity does not exist in the life of the old lady (khanom bozorg) with the same clarity and directness found in Najib's story. Additionally, the intense fear and anxiety experienced by Saedi's protagonist are not present in this narrative.Examining these two characters can assist the researcher in analyzing this matter. Omar Hamzawi is an intellectual with philosophical inclinations, and the concept of life is one of the primary concerns for thinkers like him. However, Omar struggles to grasp this complex idea. In contrast, the character of Khanom Bozorg lacks the knowledge and cultural background necessary to seek the meaning of life, ultimately arriving at a nihilistic conclusion. In her view, the meaning of life is reduced to fulfilling basic instincts and needs, which are satisfied in various ways despite the accompanying challenges.Method:This research has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, and its findings indicate that the central theme in these two novels is its antithesis is on this framework, various confrontations and conflicts have emerged, such as the clash between urban and rural life, the tension between science and art, and the balance between familial responsibilities and individual freedom.Results and Discussion:The studies conducted in relation to the aforementioned stories reveal that the synthesis of these narratives highlights a conflict and antagonism faced by the main characters, Khanom Bozorg and Omar Hamzawi, in modern society. As a result, these characters experience feelings of loneliness, despair, anxiety, and confusion. The reader observes the disintegration of family foundations and numerous issues, including a disregard for societal values. The protagonists in both of peace and comfort within modern society, which, unfortunately, remains elusive.Conclusion:The statistical data obtained from the research in these two stories indicate that the traditions and societal issues related to family dynamics are significant. The focus on the village as a safe haven, the portrayal of villagers as naive and simple individuals, and the emphasis on their religious beliefs are prominent themes in both Egyptian and Iranian societies. Central to these narratives is the collapse of societal values, the disintegration of the family unit, and the proliferation of corruption and disorder within these institutions, which serve as contrasting points of view.It is through modernity, and by examining Hegel's dialectic alongside a historical analysis of society, that this tradition cultivates a seed of modernity within itself, leading to a historical conflict. As a result, Saedi effectively portrays Iran's traditional society through the character of the grandmother, highlighting its struggles. Similarly, Najib Mahfouz illustrates Hamzawi's confusion, moral dilemmas, and illness as manifestations of the conflict between tradition and modernity. This emphasizes the concept of dialectical synthesis.

الادب المقارن

The Female Narrative of War in Harras written by Nasim Marashi and Beirut Blues Written by Hannan al-Sheikh

Mahdiye Hemmati; Mahsa Rone

Volume 14, Issue 2 , July 2024, , Pages 143-169

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2024.9455.2530

Abstract

"Women's Writing" is a significant approach in feminist criticism. This approach is a distinct female narrative element of male writing, which represents the difference in the application of emotional lexis, more use of colored phrases, oaths, principles of procrastination, losers and syntactic characteristics ... Read More "Women's Writing" is a significant approach in feminist criticism. This approach is a distinct female narrative element of male writing, which represents the difference in the application of emotional lexis, more use of colored phrases, oaths, principles of procrastination, losers and syntactic characteristics such as the use of prayer sentences (curses and prayers), Descriptive sentences, questional sentences appear in the form of self-esteem, and, finally, short and simplified sentences. Contents and issues such as historical affliction of self-confidence, and misandry, self-discovery, life concerns and overcoming romantic love are also from the feminine content. Nasim Marashi in Haras and Hanan al-Sheikh (the Lebanese female writer) in Beirut Blues, have different perspectives over war and human relations in the war condition and, in particular, position of women in the family and society. Using a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach of the female narrative of war, the effect of war on women's lives and their gender restrictions in the patriarchal society is described in this study and, furthermore, it was shown that female writers emphasized the terrible consequences of the war and expressed its affection and devotion based on their female spiritualities. They have never praised war, though. Both writers, by using emotional interpretations, of colored phrases, oaths and the emotional and praying sentences, and the simplicity and short sentences have considered contents such as historical affliction of self-confidence, and misandry, self-discovery, life concerns & overcoming of romantic love. Introduction:Women writers sometimes have different and even opposite views from men on various topics. One of the mentioned differences is the one between female and male narratives of war. Iran and Lebanon are among the countries that have faced domestic and foreign wars. War and its consequences created a special literary genre that was significantly different from the literature before the war. These changes are seen in the structure, language, and content of the literature. The literature of sacred defense is about writings and works that are related to the imposed war and its issues, and their main themes are war and its aftermath, also known as “resistance literature.” Lebanese literature, from a country that went through years of civil war and turmoil, has also become completely connected to war.Method:This research discusses the works of two female writers who have explored the theme of war in their fiction: Nasim Marashi and Hanan al-Shaykh. Marashi's novel Haras tells the story of a family whose life and destiny were affected by the eight-year long war between Iran and Iraq and its aftermath. Hanan al-Shaykh, in her novel Beirut Blues, portrays Lebanon in the civil war and the inner struggles of a patriotic character who has to choose between leaving or staying in her homeland. She shows the horrors of war, violence, exile, and destruction. Both novels present a feminine perspective on war, and the two writers have given an account full of worry and anxiety but also tinged with nostalgic love and emotion, which is remarkable. Marashi has a smooth and natural writing style, and she chooses the themes of her stories from people's concerns and social problems. Her stories are not linear. She also keeps the reader interested with captivating suspense until the last pages of the book. In Haras, the characters have a feminine spirit, and the writer, by describing their feelings, has created an engaging narrative. Hanan al-Shaykh, a feminist writer in Arabic literature, has written stories that challenge injustice and oppression, especially against women. She expresses the feminine spirit, emotions, and feelings, and uses a language that is intimate and simple without compromising the subject for formality and dryness. This research is a descriptive-analytical and comparative study. It introduces the theoretical foundations of the research, which are the components of feminine writing style. It studies the novels Haras and Beirut Blues and examines the indicators of feminine narrative from the perspective of feminine writing at three levels: lexical, syntactical, and content. It analyzes the components of feminine narrative, such as the use of feminine emotional expressions, swear words, phrases that show reasoning and emphasis, sentences that apply or request something, questions that are used as soliloquies, sentences that are incomplete or simple, and contents that reflect historical resentment, forgetfulness, hatred of men, concern for life, romantic love, and self-discovery.Results and Discussion:The female characters in “Haras” want to pursue their individual rights. But in “Beirut Blues”, the female character tries to reach her lover or free the land from war. Women describe war and their emotional perspective, which is full of sadness, sacrifice, and grief. Haras and Beirut Blues show the features of feminine storytelling in the areas of lexis, expressions, words, emotional expressions, use of words for colors, phrases that show reasoning and emphasis, sentences that ask or beg for something, swear words, and how they make sentences. Most of the words used in both works are about family, women's issues, and feminine interests. These two works reflect the emotions and feelings of the female narrator. By using simple writing, descriptive details, and questions / appeals (prayer and curse), these writers have shown how their writing differs from masculine writing. Both writers have used a variety of words to express emotions and beauty. For example, both writers are careful when using colors. Both writers' works have emotional expressions that are common in women's speech, such as using small words, curses, and prayers, and phrases that show the speaker's passion, excitement, and feelings.Many themes such as criticizing forgetfulness, dreaming and imagining, wishing, waiting, harted toward men, finding and exploring oneself, caring for life, and the dominance of romantic love, are the content features of feminine narrative. Haras has more examples of the main characters in the story using pleading sentences and swear words in their language, because the female characters have less self-confidence, while Beirut Blues shows more of the power of love. For both writers, family is the source and basis of life in the theme of caring for life. The writers mention the supportive role of men in the family. In the relationship of Asmahan, the narrator in Beirut Blues, has more examples of the theme of the dominance of romantic love. The female characters in both works try to find their identity and place in their own ways. Paying attention to home is also a noticeable topic and the women in both novels spend most of their time at home. Dreaming is also one of the concepts that the two writers use.Conclusion:In these novels, two women writers told stories of war from a feminine perspective. We found that both of them expressed their emotions and feelings clearly, using details, simple language, and questions and requests. They also used short sentences more often because they paid attention to small things. Their writing showed their passion, excitement, and feelings. In Haras, the character Rasool showed how men in a male-dominated society treated women as "the other" and did not value them as much as men in every aspect of his life, work, and family. Rasool preferred sons over daughters. Both novels also showed how women searched for themselves and their identity as women, but they did it in different ways. Both novels had themes of dreaming, imagining, and wanting a home and a family. The women in the stories used these themes to escape from the harsh reality of the world outside. The Lebanese novel focused more on the theme of romantic love, and the character Asmahan used her relationships with different people to overcome her doubts and find herself. Haras also had romance, but it was more influenced by society and the mood of the people.

الادب المقارن

Comparative Analysis of the Cultural Approach in Women's Writing in Body Memory and Pruning Based on Elaine Showalter's Theory

Sayad Panahi; Hamid Valizadeh; Mahin Hajizadeh

Volume 14, Issue 2 , July 2024, , Pages 25-47

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2023.8913.2482

Abstract

Today, feministic images are counted as appropriate tools for recognizing the feministic nature of a work, its author, and the extent to which it has feminist-based mechanisms. In the meantime, the theory of four approaches of "Elinschwalter" comprising; the biological, cultural, psychoanalytical, and ... Read More Today, feministic images are counted as appropriate tools for recognizing the feministic nature of a work, its author, and the extent to which it has feminist-based mechanisms. In the meantime, the theory of four approaches of "Elinschwalter" comprising; the biological, cultural, psychoanalytical, and linguistic approaches, provides this opportunity to criticize the tradition of women's writing by relying on which, the position of women in the literary works of female writers can be determined. Having that in mind, the current rrsearch, using a descriptive-analytical method, has tried to select the two novels of Body Memory by Ahlam Mesghanami and Hars by Nasim Marashi so as to criticize women's writing and analyze it on the basis of Elaine Showalter’s cultural approach. Consequently, the image gets a better understanding of the women’s situation and their ideas and ideals. According to the results of the research and considering that the novels under discussion belong to the stage of feminism, the signs of the cultural approach about women's writing are visible in both works under investication. Finally, according to the component of examples in patriarchal rule, the rule of traditional taboos and female habits and beliefs in both works has been more reflected. Introduction:Nowadays, feministic ideas and patterns are a suitable tool for recognizing the nature of feminism in a work and getting to know its author, as well as the extent to which she carries feministic mechanisms. In the meantime, the theory of the four approaches of "Elaine Showalter", a prominent American critic and theoretician of the 20th century, includes the biological, cultural, psychoanalytic, and linguistic approaches to provide this opportunity to criticize the tradition of women's writing, and this way, the position of women can be recognised in the literary works of female and male writers.Method:This article employs the descriptive-analytical method based on the American school of comparative literature and examines the similarities and differences of two female writers having the characteristics of female writing and the degree of belonging to the traditions of female writing in the cultural component of the components of Elaine Showalter's theory.Results and Discussion:In the cultural approach, social issues and the way women are portrayed by the society have been discussed in the literary work. Women, in every society, belong to a culture and it is natural that the cultural dimension of women and everything related to women's cultural issues can be of impotance for women writers and activists in this field. In fact, in the current research, the role of society in organizing the efforts of women is discussed. These issues are reflected in different elements and sections of the work, and women draw the image of their society in different ways. How the female writer has reflected the major or minor issues and, especially, the rudimentary issues that affect their life and speech are examined blow three important components from the cultural dimension related to women's society in the discussed novels.Conclusion:With respect to Elaine Showalter's theory, it can be announced that that the novel “Memory in the Flesh” belongs to the tradition of feminism. From this point of view, even though Marashi's novel is a more updated work, the author herself are still in the feminine tradition. Regarding the reflection of female habits and beliefs, both works have a large amount of female beliefs and characteristics. Regarding the reflection of the rule of patriarchy and the rule of traditional taboos, this component is far more clear and hegemonic in Body Memory and Pruning. Regarding the reflection of the rule of patriarchy and the rule of traditional paintings in Body Memory by Ahlam and Pruning by Marashi have more clarity and hegemony. Furthermore, in terms of the amount of use, some elements of two components, such as polygamy, dependence of a woman on a man, Not having the right to marry a woman and forced marriage in the novel of Ahlam, and other elements such as men's and women's domineering, preference of male child over the female one, and violent behavior and domination of male over female have more frequency in Marashi's novel.

الادب المعاصر

Study of Conceptual Metaphor in the Poetries by Saadi Yousef and Ahmad Shamloo Based on Cognitive Semantics

Abbas Najafi; Khodadad Bahri; Rasoul Balavi; Haydar far Shirazi

Volume 14, Issue 3 , September 2024, , Pages 149-171

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2024.9128.2495

Abstract

Metaphor, being addressed either as a decorative element or as a cognitive process, has attracted the researchers' attention for a long time. According to the findings of cognitive linguistics, humans create and store fundamental conceptual constructions called image schemas in their minds so that when ... Read More Metaphor, being addressed either as a decorative element or as a cognitive process, has attracted the researchers' attention for a long time. According to the findings of cognitive linguistics, humans create and store fundamental conceptual constructions called image schemas in their minds so that when thinking about abstract matters by transferring these concrete constructions to language facilitate and complete the perception process. Saadi Yousef and Ahmad Shamlou have conceptualized many abstract concepts in their poems with the assistance provided by schemata. This research, descriptive-analytical method, while examining and analyzing the schemata in two selected poems of these two poets, to explain the way of thinking and, also, the foundations of their understanding of the world around them. As being indicated through the results, abstract concepts such as death, life, change, and immortality have been embodied in the form of these images and the three schemes of volume, movement, and force have been able to communicate in an organized, organic, and coherent manner with each other and in line with a certain goal. This may lead to the production of meaning and finally put the abstract concept of immortality and impact in the form of a visual tableau before the audience.Introduction:Schemas are considered a tool for conceptualizing and simplifying incomprehensible concepts and a tool for deeper understanding of the text and adding a new meaning to the existing meanings. One of the important functions of schemas is reaching a first-hand, different, and sometimes contradictory reading of the text with the assistance of studying its examples. The feature that caused the emergence of multiple voices from the text, frees the text from freezing and monotony, and in this way provides the possibility of producing new meanings.The poetry of Saadi Youssef and Ahmed Shamlou has become a difficult and difficult poem due to features such as the use of symbols, frequent defamiliarizations, language and social context specific to the creation of the work, and the intellectual geometry corresponding to this behavior.Since pictorial schemas are formed aligned with the framework of objective experiences and, furthermore, the origin of conceptual metaphor is human perception and conceptual system, these schemas can act as a tool to delve into the depths of the intellectual and ideological system of the creators of the text and open the problems and dilemmas of these two poets' poetry to come to the help of the audience. Iran and Iraq are two neighboring countries. This neighborhood and the cultural closeness has resulted in creating a remarkable kinship and similarity between the literatures of these two countries. Countless common themes and concepts used in the poetry of Saadi Yousef and Ahmad Shamlou clearly prove the validity of this claim. What has happened in Arab poetry in this hundred years has also happened in Persian poetry, with slight differences arising from the different conditions of the cultures and structures of these two peoples" (Shafi'i Kodkani, 1380: 15). The commonality of concepts and themes, as well as how they are presented in the poetry of these two poets is due to their benefiting from common ideological sources and the proximity of these two geographies to each other. The commonality of concepts and themes in Yousef and Shamlou's poems is to a great extent that it is possible to show a similarity in Shamlou's poetry in terms of the concepts and themes compared to Yousef's poetry correspondingly and one by one. There are undeniable similarities between the two odes "Al-Qatli Yasirun Lila" and "Song of Ibrahim in the Fire", since it is a praise of the freedom and freedom of the fighters who made their lives the support of their immortality, in terms of structure and content. This provides the basis for comparing these two poems.In the upcoming research, an attempt has been made to examine and analyze the schemas in the two odes in the interactive space that are formed between these schemas, in a descriptive-analytical approach and a library study manner. In what follows, the given research questions are being addressed.What are the most important conceptual metaphors used in the ode "Al-Qatli Yasiron Lila" by Saadi Yousef and "Song of Ibrahim in the Fire" by Ahmad Shamlou?How are the provided metaphors in the two poems related to each other?How have these metaphors led to the production of meaning?Method:This research is based on the descriptive-analytical method, while examining and analyzing the schemata in two selected poems of these two poets, and followed by that, explains the way of thinking and the foundations of their understanding of the world around them.Results and Discussion:The victims of Yousef and Shamlou's poems are multi-layered and multi-meaning characters, and the image schemas used in these two poems generalize the coordinates of these characters to all the "awakened" and "non-awakened" people in history. The three schemes of volume, movement, and force have been able to produce meaning in an organized, organic, and coherent relationship with each other and in line with a certain goal. This means, the volume and movement design provide the ground for the presence of free people in the dimensions of space and time. Followed by that, the design reflects the power of intransigence and non-compromise with the status quo to ultimately lead to the embodiment of the abstract concept of immortality.Saadi Yousef personifies the martyrs in the form of voices that have not been silenced to show that their physical removal has not been able to have an effect on silencing their voices. This way, the abstract concept of "immortality" and the concept of "effect" are firstly made. The presence of the dead in the dimension of space (night is a place) and in the dimension of time (night is a path) reinforces the presence of the metaphor "meaningful death is life". It goes without saying that the march in all the authoritarian nights is an expression of the constant and historical presence of the martyrs.Yousef and Shamlou do not find a word to describe their hero and they inevitably start a composite creation with the help of schemas to make the understanding of the dimensions of the quasi-abstract hero's personality objective and comprehensible. With the help of the metaphor "these dead are sound" and "sound is a compound being", Yousef personifies the dead in his poem as a group of voices that have not been silenced. In Shamlu's poem, an objective aspect is found beyond imagination with the help of the metaphor "a different kind of man is a complex being". A man who has inherited courage from a lion, stubbornness from iron, steadfastness and permanence from a mountain, and the sum of these qualities makes him a different, immortal, and transhistorical personality.In Yousef's poem, the general and simple concept of change is understood through the concrete concept of awakening; the path that begins with sleep and ends with waking. Also, considering the movement that is moving during the night, the metaphor of "these dead are walking" can be extracted. This is not a night stay because the verb "Yiseron" refers to movement. By directing intangible and aimless concepts such as death and its types in the language of poetry, Shamlou tries to make these concepts tangible by means of up-down directions. After giving up his life, a common person goes beyond the sky and joins the immortals.In Yousef's poem, in addition to the resonance of the "voice" of the awakener and the current time of the martyr, his "blood" is also an obstacle. The blood mentioned in the final stanza will remove sleep, which is an obstacle on the way to awakening and, consequently, the realization of consciousness. The eyes of the dead are open forever. Their voices flow in time and space and no obstacle, even a shroud, can cover or erase their bodies. All the above characteristics are the coordinates of "immortals". In Shamlu's poem, fire is an obstacle that stands in the way of Abraham and finally produces the third form of the metaphor of power that is, crossing the obstacle. In the following, by using the adjective "other species" for his praised hero, the poet reminds us of his non-surrender to the existing obstacles. The metaphor of power in these two poems can have a motivational role. It means to show the audience the way to overcome the obstacles in a society disillusioned with social changes. This scheme expresses the hope of human will to change his destiny.Conclusion:The findings of the research indicate that abstract concepts such as death, life, change and immortality have been embodied in the form of these images and the three schemes of volume, motion and force have been able to lead to a certain goal in an organized, organic and coherent relationship with each other produce meaning and finally put the abstract concept of immortality and effect in the form of a visual tableau before the audience.

Research Paper الادب المقارن

Analysis of movement dynamics in the logic of al-Tayr Attar and the works of Abu al-Abbas Ma'ari

shokrolah tatari; Farshad mirzai motlagh; masood Sepahvandi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 September 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.11347.2657

Abstract

This paper explores and compares the movement dynamics in Attar’s The Conference of the Birds (Mantiq al-Tayr) and Al-Marri’s Resale al-Ghufran. Both works depict a kind of spiritual journey and mystical quest; however, there are differences in their representations of movement. Attar’s ... Read More

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The function of love in Ibn Rumi and Saeb Tabrizi's poetry based on Ervin Yalom's existential psychotherapy theory

ali khaleghi; mahmoodreza tavakoli mohamadi; hamid motavalizade

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 September 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.11631.2673

Abstract

Criticism of psychology and psychoanalysis in the contemporary period, under the influence of the increasing spread of literary criticism and interdisciplinary studies, occupied a large part of literary research and considering the close relationship between literature and psychology in terms of reflecting ... Read More

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Research Paper الادب المقارن

A comparative study of novels by Mohammad Sanajleh and Leila Sadeghi from the perspective of digital literature

ramazan rezaei; Aii reza Jalali

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 September 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.11460.2664

Abstract

abstract One of the most important new literary genres is the "digital realist novel" that uses digital data, information and technological techniques to build a narrative body and content. This new literary genre deals with the transformations that accompany a person to pass from the real ... Read More

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Research Paper الادب المقارن

The semiotics "Swallow" in the contemporary Persian and Arabic poetry

ناصر زارع; Mina Ghanemi; Seyyd Haidar Faree Shirazi; Khodadad Bahri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 September 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.10464.2603

Abstract

Semiotics is a knowledge and scientific approach based on understanding the basic fundamental implications of indication٫ this concept can be considered as on the prominent theories logic. The main focus of semiotics relate what is semiotics. Deviation explicit signification and offering an implicit ... Read More

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Research Paper الادب المقارن

The synergistic conflict of realistic imaginations; A re-reading of the two novels Kafka on the Bank by Murakami and Shagarat al-Abid by Ammar Ali from the point of view of magical realism propositions

مالک العبدی; mina pirzadnia; Zaynab Chenani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 September 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.11910.2686

Abstract

Basically, real symbols are unimaginative, and abstract concepts and forms are not fundamentally connected with realist symbols, but the literature carries a tradition that makes these two heterogeneous sides of illogical thoughts have an inseparable connection, in such a way that Sometimes the border ... Read More

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خوانش تطبیقی دو داستان کوتاه «پرلاشز» زویا پیرزاد و «آخر قصة غیر بیضاء» غادة السمان بر اساس تحلیل گفتمان روایی ژرار ژنت

elyas nooraei; shiva sadeghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 June 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2024.11039.2643

Abstract

تحلیل گفتمان روایی یکی از راههای مؤثر و قابل اتکا در بررسی ساختاری داستان است که با تکیه بر توضیح و تفسیر راههای پرداخت روساخت یک متن روایی، راه را برای کشف معنا و مفهوم ... Read More تحلیل گفتمان روایی یکی از راههای مؤثر و قابل اتکا در بررسی ساختاری داستان است که با تکیه بر توضیح و تفسیر راههای پرداخت روساخت یک متن روایی، راه را برای کشف معنا و مفهوم پنهان نویسنده فراهم میآورد. دو داستان کوتاه "پرلاشز" از پیرزاد و "آخر قصة غیر بیضا" از غادهالسمان، دارای زبان و سبک زنانه هستند و هر دو نویسنده سعی کردهاند با تمرکز بر شخصیت زنان در داستان خود، نوع نگرش زنان به جامعه را نشان دهند. این مقاله سعی دارد تا با بررسی تطبیقی این دو داستان، و ترسیم تکنیکهای گفتمان روایی آنها، علاوه بر کشف الگوی ساختاری، به معنا و مفهوم پنهان در متن نیز دست یابد. روش پژوهش، تحلیلی توصیفی بوده و با استناد به منابع کتابخانهای و مطالعۀ موردی نمونههای داستانی دو نویسنده، به ترسیم تفاوتها و شباهتهای این دو داستان بدون توجه به بحث تأثیر و تأثر بپردازد. در پایان مشخص شد که هر دو داستان، در کنار تفاوتهای محتوایی، از منظر ساختاری بسیار به هم نزدیک هستند و قابلیت بررسی از منظر تحلیل گفتمان روایی را دارند. بازگشتهای زمانی، تکرار، وقفۀ توصیفی، خلاصه، کانون بیرونی، راوی دانای کل، کانونیسازی دوگانه و عنصر گفتگو از مهمترین تکنیکهای روایی این دو داستان است. داستان السمان بر آشفتگی ذهنی و روحی شخصیت اصلی استوار است، اما داستان زویا پیرزاد، از حدت و صراحت لهجۀ السمان خالی است و سعی کرده است تا نوعی همراهی زن با مرد را به تصویر بکشد.

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Research Paper الادب المقارن

Comparative Processing of Rabiyat (Description of Spring) in the Poems of Safiuddin AI-Helli and Manouchehri Damghani

Ahmad Lamei Giv; Somaye Eghbali

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 October 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2024.10444.2598

Abstract

The spring season has always been one of the main subjects in the realm of descriptive poetry, manifesting itself creatively in verse literature since ancient times. Safi al-Din al-Helli, an Arabic poet, and Manuchehri Damghani, a Persian poet, have composed valuable and beautiful odes describing spring. ... Read More

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Research Paper الادب المقارن

An Analysis of Contemporary Arabic and Persian Novels Based on Foucault's PowerTheory (Case Study of the Novel "Tashari" by Inam Kojeji and the Novel "Forget the Autumn" by Fahimeh Rahimi)

پیمان صالحی; shafiei Somayeh sadat

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 June 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.11879.2683

Abstract

Literary and artistic works have a prominent position in the philosophical system of Michel Foucault, a French philosopher and theorist, and he has benefited greatly from these works in explaining his intellectual project. Discourse is the keyword of Foucault's theory. He sees every discourse as ... Read More

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Research Paper الادب المقارن

sign-semantic analysis of color in the poetry of Sohrab Sepehri and Suzan Alivan

فرهاد رجبی; zahra mafi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 September 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.11112.2647

Abstract

The science of semiotics is very practical in poetic texts and specifically in the poetry of poets who basically use the language of symbols and symbols to express their meanings. In this regard, we are going to do a comparative reading of the poems of Sohrab Sepehri and Suzan Alivan, relying on the ... Read More

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Research Paper الادب المقارن

Recreating classic texts, a way to deal with tyranny; a comparative reading of Mr. Ayaz's and Ramel Al-Mayeh's novel "The Infernal Times

shahram delshad; mahdi torkshavand

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 September 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.11165.2649

Abstract

This article argues how contemporary writers in many eastern societies that live in the conditions of suffocation and tyranny deal with tyranny by recreating classical literary texts as an important and efficient tool. This method allows the literary creators who are considered to be political and social ... Read More

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Research Paper الادب المقارن

An Existentialist Analysis of the Concept of Freedom in the Novels The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway and When We Left the Bridge by Abd al-Rahman Munif

عبدالأحد غیبی; مهین حاجی زاده; Mayagozal Bahman

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 September 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.12113.2691

Abstract

The concept of freedom, one of the most complex and expansive philosophical concepts, has always been at the center of many scholars' attention. Existentialist philosophy, with its focus on the existential and ontological dimensions of human beings, offers a unique perspective on the concept of ... Read More

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Research Paper الادب المقارن

Analyzing and examining the homogenizer of Yadgar Zariran, the similar text in Gharar Akhbar Meluk al-Fers and Sirham and Shahnameh inspired by the views of Wilhelm Geiger

حسین سلیمی; meysam ghalili

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 October 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.9605.2534

Abstract

Comparisons and analysis of similar works in different eras of history have always been a good excuse to find hidden points and the cause of those differences. In this triangle, whose angles we have named Yadgar Zariran, Shahnameh (a thousand precise verses of entries in the Shahnameh) and Tarikh Thaalabi, ... Read More

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Research Paper الترجمة

Linguistic study of the Arabic translation of Mustafa Wahbi al-Tall from Al-Khayyam's Rubaiyat based on Catford's theory of change (1965)

Mohammad Hassan Amraei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 October 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.11097.2646

Abstract

Balance means access to familiar words, phrases and grammatical patterns of the target language against the elements of the source text. One of the problems that occur in the translation process is the inadequacy of the grammatical and lexical structures of the target language compared to the source ... Read More

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Research Paper الادب المقارن

Comparative Study of the Novels “On the Red Blue Roads” and “Frankenstein in Baghdad” (Based on Yuri Lotman’s Semiotic Sphere Theory with Emphasis on Border and Center) (Based on

Raoof Ibrahim Sameen; Mousa Parnian; Khalil Baygzade

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 October 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.11310.2656

Abstract

Cultural semiotics is the study of intercultural relations among interactive, conflicting, and confrontational poles, that explains the scope of one's own culture and its codes against the constraints of another culture or non-culture. Lotman's prior understanding of culture is in the form ... Read More

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Research Paper الادب المقارن

A Cognitive-Cultural Analysis of the Metaphor of 'Affliction' in Selected Persian and Arabic Mystical Texts

zeinab akbari; nasrin fagih malek marzban

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 October 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2025.11826.2681

Abstract

This study comparatively examines the metaphorical conceptualization of "Balā" (Affliction) in selected Persian and Arabic mystical texts. The main problem is identifying similarities and classifying the dimensions of variation in "Balā"'s conceptualization, alongside precisely ... Read More

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Research Paper الادب المقارن

Manifestation of Persian culture and literature in the poetry of Abu al-Ala al-Ma'ari

Mohammed Hassan Amraei; Abolfazl Rezaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 October 2025

https://doi.org/10.22126/jccl.2024.10252.2575

Abstract

The victory of the Abbasid Revolution was often seen as a victory for the Iranians over the Arabs, and with the arrival of the Iranian Barmakids, secretaries, and ministers to the Abbasid court, the contribution of Iranians to Arabic literature and Islamic civilization increased. Iranians have actively ... Read More

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