The Iranian Presence in the Poetry of Al-Sharif Al-Radhi

One of the symbols of civilizational unity among Muslims is the literary interaction between Iranians and Arabs, which has begun since the advent of Islam in ancient Iran and intensified in the Abbasid era. The Abbasids, being influenced by the Iranian culture and civilization, became fascinated with luxury, beauty, and prosperity like the Sassanid kings. Accordingly, the ancient ceremonies entered the Abbasid court because of their emergence from the roots of the Iranian culture, which gave its knowledge, the Tazian poets a great literary identity, which made Arab poets pay attention to the Persian language and transmit knowledge, rituals, diaries, and Iranian myths, to the Arabs through poetry, despite their influence on the Arabic language. Al-Sharif Al-Radi is the committed poet of the third Abbasid era, who was influenced by various aspects of Iranian culture and civilization. This article aims to identify various aspects of this Iranian cultural and literary influence in the poems of Sharif Al-Radi in a descriptive and analytical way, based on the indicators of comparative literature and the French school. One of the results of the research is that Sharif Al-Radi, with his extensive knowledge of Iranian culture and literature, was influenced by its various manifestations, especially in the axes related to recalling Iranian cities such as Ahvas, Al-Sus, Al-Arbaq, Tus, Daylam, and Al-Bam, as well as the intense presence of Arabicized Persian vocabulary in his poetry. Additionally, his interest in Sasanian culture and civilization has been revealed by remembering aspects of Iranian culture and customs such as the ancient Nowruz and festival celebrations, and mentioning the names of Iranian kings, personalities, and heroes in his poetry. 
Introduction:
Arabic and Farsi are the primary languages ​​of Islamic culture and civilization, and the cultural exchange between these two languages was established centuries before the advent of Islam. The influence of Persian words and Iranian customs and traditions in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry exemplifies the interaction between the Arabic and Persian languages. However, the peak of Iranian culture and civilization's presence in Arabic poetry dates back to the Abbasid era, a time when the literary, cultural and civilizational interactions between Iran and the Arab world flourished, leading to the emergence of a rich Islamic culture and civilization. The first part of this cultural transfer focuses on ministers, secretaries, teachers, writers, and ordinary people, while the latter part addresses the poets who lived during this period. Al-Sharif Al-Radi is regarded as one of the most significant Arab poets of the 3rd Abbasid era. He adeptly shouldered the cultural and literary responsibilities of his time, via incorporating various elements of Iranian culture and civilization to Arab culture and literature skillfully. Therefore, Arab culture and literature. Therefore, this article tries to explain the aspects of this effect in the works of this Shiite poet, employing the approach of the French school of comparative literature. Among the key questions this research seeks to address are: 1. What motivates the reason behind the use of Sasanian culture and civilization in al-Sharif al-Radi's poetry? 2. In what ways does al-Sharif al-Radi reflect the diverse influences of Iranian language and culture on Arabic language and culture during the Abbasid era? 3. Which aspects of Sasanian culture and civilization exerted the most significant impact on al-Sharif al-Radi's poetry.
Method:
Arabic and Persian are the primary languages of Islamic culture and civilization, and cultural exchanges between these two languages occurred for several centuries prior to the advent of Islam. The introduction of Persian vocabulary into Arabic reflects Iranian customs and traditions in Arabic poetry, because of particularly evident during the pre-Islamic period, which exemplifies the interaction between the Arabic and Persian languages. The height of Iranian culture and civilization's influence on Arabic poetry occurred during the Abbasid era, a time when literary, cultural, and civilizational interactions between Iran and the Arab world were unprecedented. This fusion contributed to the formation of a rich Islamic culture and civilization. This article aims to explore the manifestations of Iranian culture and civilization in the poetry of one of the prominent poets of the Abbasid era, known as "Sharif al-Radi", based on the French School of Contemporary Literature. We will identify examples of this influence in Al-Sharif al-Radi's poetry. It can be concluded that Iranian civilization is a significant component of Islamic history and culture. Furthermore, a careful examination of Divan al-Sharif al-Radi reveals insights into Persia and its cultural, literary, and linguistic characteristics in poetry. Numerous elements of deep-rooted Iranian culture and civilization are present, including references to Iranian customs and traditions from the Abbasid era, the incorporation of Arabized Persian words in poetry, and the mention of various Iranian kings and notable figures within the poetic works. Reason: Improved clarity, vocabulary, and technical accuracy while maintaining the original meaning. Below is a brief summary of the manifestations.
Results and Discussion:
After the invasion of ancient Iran, the Arab community encountered a systematic and complex governance that clashed with their customs and desert lifestyle. However, following the conquest of more civilized territories, particularly Iran, they began to adopt the unique traditions of the Iranian kings, transitioning from a simple way of life to the opulence of the Iranian court of Khosrow. The Caliphate system increasingly mirrored Iranian customs and culture, particularly in civil law, to the extent that Iranian titles, traditions, and cultural practices became deeply integrated into their lives. In the same context, Nowruz is considered the Akbar Eid of the Iranians. Before the advent of Islam, the Arabs had limited knowledge of Al-Nurooz. However, with the rise of Islam, the significance of Nowruz persisted in Magda. It is said that during the reign of Imam Ali (A.S.), the Al-Majjus presented silver dishes on which they poured sugar for Eid al-Nuruz. Before Imam Ali distributed the sugar among his companions, he would pour it onto the plates. There are also reports indicating that farmers offered gifts to Imam Ali (A.S.) during the Caliphate, referring to them as Al-Dhi Gadham Hadiya al-Nuruz or Al-Mahraghan for the House of wealth.The theme of formalizing Al-Nuroz during the Caliphate period is noteworthy, particularly as it is believed that the philosophy behind celebrating Al-Nuroz at that time was to receive gifts. Umar bin Abdul Aziz attempted to abolish the gifts associated with Al-Nuroz and the festival itself, but he was unsuccessful. The greatest interest in Nowruz, however, occurred during the Abbasid era. The Abbasid Caliphs, influenced by the traditions of the Sasanian Empire, continued to observe many customs related to Nowruz, including the reception of valuable gifts from Muslim sheikhs and rulers. Al-Jahiz notes that on the occasion of Al-Nuroz, al-Mutawakkil Al-Abbasi ordered five million assorted coins to be distributed to courtiers as Nowruz gifts. Additionally, Al-Hakam celebrated the Al-Nuroz holidays, inspiring poets to compose verses in honor of the occasion. One of the prominent poets of the Abbasid era, Al-Sharif Al-Radi, wrote exquisite poems celebrating Al-Nuroz and the festival, while also praising the Iranian caliphs, ministers, and leaders. Among his works are several poems dedicated to the grand and patriotic celebrations of the Iranians, including praise for Amir Baha Al-Dawlah Abu Nasr Firoz bin Azad Al-Dawlah bin Boyeh, who served as the Amir of the Al-Bayhites in Iraq (988-1012 AD), Fars, and Kerman (1012-998 AD). Reason: The revised text improves clarity, enhances vocabulary, and corrects grammatical errors while maintaining the original meaning.
Conclusion:
The direct relationship between Arabs and Iranians during the war, along with the presence of secretaries in al-Dawain and Arab courts, significantly influenced the caliphs, the nobility, and Arabs in general, with Iranian culture. This fascination with luxury and aristocracy began during the Umayyad era and intensified during the Abbasid period. The presence of Iranian trustees and secretaries in the Abbasid courts, the amicable relationship between the caliphate and the distinguished Iranian class, and the coexistence of the two cultures made Iranian customs and culture more adaptable than ever. Al-Sharif al-Radi, a Shiite poet active during the 4th century of the Hijri era, produced poetry that reflects a deep understanding of Iranian culture and literature. He adeptly utilized the political influence of the ministers and prominent Iranian families at the Abbasid court, particularly the Al-Bawhiyin and Baha Daulah al-Dilami, to celebrate Nowruz and various festivals, showcasing the vastness of Persian civilization. In his Qasa'idah, Al-Radi's poetry addresses Nowruz, the festival, Persian kings, ministers, Iranian families, cities, places, and traditional clothing. He also incorporated numerous Arabic-Persian words into his poems, reflecting aspects of daily life, social gatherings, and games, which enriched the Arabic culture of ancient Iran. Throughout his extensive body of work, Al-Sharif al-Radi consistently elevates Iranian culture and its contributions, indicating his profound admiration for Iranian heritage and literature. Reason: Improved clarity, vocabulary, and technical accuracy while maintaining the original meaning.