The use of Symbol in the poetry of Khazal Al-Majidi and Nasim Shomal Based on the Theory of Critical Aesthetics

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 , Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Professor the Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

3 Associate Professor, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

Abstract

The literature of each period is influenced by the interacting circumstances of that particular period. The poetry of Khazal Majedi (born in 1951) and Nasim Shomal (1313-1299) experience the impact of the conditions created by the enemies of Iraq and Iran for a long time. These two poets have criticized the existing situation of their society back in the old days on a large scale and have held a negative attitude against it. The theory of critical aesthetics emerged as a production of Frankfurt School of thought in the twentieth century, and the main goals it carried were opposing the existing status and, ultimately, experiencing the liberation of contemporary man as a free being. The current literature of Arabic and Persian poetry, due to their common social-intellectual-political conditions, have formed common experiences which comprise this change in almost both the content and form of the literary works of the two nations. One of the most prominent elements of the common poetry of Khazal Majidi - as an Iraqi poet - and Nasim Shomal - an Iranian poet - is the critical spirit and atmosphere that has overshadowed their poems. The method used in this article is to compare the poems of two Iranian and Iraqi poets based on the American school of thought and the library analysis and interpretation. These two writers, like the theorists of the Frankfurt School of thought and the theory of aesthetics and critical theory, deny the ideology of any literary or non-literary work and consider its authenticity in its independence. This article aims to address the main intellectual concerns of both poets from four common aspects: political code, social code, mythical code and historical code which carries a symbolic meaning that is the critical comparison and analysis from an aesthetic point of view. From the analysis of the poems for both poets and the understanding of their views, it is inferred that the root of all problems in Iran and the Arab world, according to this theory, is political domination and the way to create freedom in society is to eliminate hegemony in the country. Criticism of the ruling political domination, opposition to positivism, revolutionary art, etc. are among the main foundations of this theory. Khazal Majidi and Nasim Shomal have symbolically expressed their anti-colonial ideas and have used social, political, mythological and historical codes to embody the reality of the country and stimulate the society, thus achieving their goals and values and develop their opinions.

Keywords

Article Title [العربیة]

استخدام الرّمز فی شعر خزعل الماجدی ونسیم شمال بناء على نظریة الجمالیات النّقدیة

Abstract [العربیة]

یتأثّر أدب کلّ فترة بالظروف التی یتفاعل معها. کما تأثّر شعر خزعل الماجدی (موالید 1951) ونسیم شمال (1313-1299) بالظروف التی خلقها أعداءُ العراق وإیران لفترة طویلة. لقد انتقد هذان الشاعران الوضعَ الحالی لمجتمعهما على نطاق واسع وبموقف سلبی. ظهرت نظریة الجمالیات النقدیة کنتاج لمدرسة فرانکفورت فی القرن العشرین، ویمکن اعتبار هدفها الرئیسی معارضة للوضع الراهن وفی النهایة تحریر الإنسان المعاصر ککائن حرّ. شکّل التیارُ الأدبی للشعر العربی والفارسی، بسبب ظروفهما الاجتماعیة – الفکریة – السیاسیة المشترکة، تجارب مشترکة یمکن رؤیة هذا التغییر تقریبًا فی المحتوى وفی شکل الأعمال الأدبیة للشعبین. من أهمّ عناصر الشعر المشترک لخزعل الماجدی - کشاعر عراقی - ونسیم شمال - شاعر إیرانی - هو الروحُ النقدیة والجو الذی طغى على قصائدهما. الطریقة المستخدمة فی هذا المقال هی مقارنة قصائد شاعرین إیرانیین وعراقیین بناءً على المدرسة الأمریکیة ونظریة الجمالیات النقدیة لمدرسة فرانکفورت. تهدف هذه المقالة إلى معالجة الإهتمامات الفکریة الرئیسیة لکلی الشاعرین من أربعة جوانب مشترکة: الرمز السیاسی، والرمز الاجتماعی، والرمز الأسطوری، والرمز التاریخی؛ ثمّ المقارنة وتحلیلهم من وجهة نظر جمالیة. من تحلیل قصائد کل من الشعراء وفهم وجهات نظرهم، یُستنتج أنّ أصل جمیع المشاکل فی إیران والعالم العربی، وفقًا لهذه النظریة، هو الهیمنة السیاسیة، والطریقة لخلق الحریة فی المجتمع هی القضاء على الهیمنة فی البلاد. یعتبر انتقاد الهیمنة السیاسیة الحاکمة ومعارضة الوضعیة والفن الثوری وما إلى ذلک من بین الأسس الرئیسیة لهذه النظریة. خزعل الماجدی ونسیم شمال عبرا بشکل رمزی عن أفکارهما المناهضةَ للاستعمار واستخدما الرموز الاجتماعیة والسیاسیة والأسطوریة والتاریخیة لتجسید واقع البلد وتنشیط المجتمع، وبالتالی تحقیق أهدافهم وقیمهم.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • خزعل الماجدی
  • نسیم شمال
  • مدرسة فرانکفورت
  • جمالیات نقدیة

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